Wikipiideɛ

Pizzaiolo

Pizza (/ˈpiːtsə/ PEET-sə, Italian: [ˈpittsa]; Neapolitan: [ˈpittsə]) e la Italian bal bondiraa naŋ maŋ taa gbɛɛ viliŋgu, mun-peɛrɛte ne sɛŋkyi zɔŋ o zuŋ ne kɔmmie, biroŋ kãã, ane gbɛɛ yaga bondi-tona mine (aseŋ zoŋ-nyɛnnoo, guru, gyɛnle, olives, zɛvaare, nɛne amk.) Naŋ maŋ de ɔnne ne bon-ɔnnaa toloŋ kpaŋkpaŋ eŋɛ, saaŋkonnoŋ poɔ vũũ ɔnne poɔ.[1]

pizzaiolo
profession, occupation, craft, tradition
Aŋa yitaalombilecook, fast food preparers, culinary art, baker Maale eŋ
Work locationpizzeria, pizzeria chain Maale eŋ
Field of this occupationcooking, restaurant industry Maale eŋ
Country of originItaly Maale eŋ
Intangible cultural heritage statusRepresentative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity Maale eŋ
Described at URLhttps://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/00722, https://ich.unesco.org/fr/RL/00722, https://ich.unesco.org/es/RL/00722 Maale eŋ
Toŋne tomadough, oven, food ingredient, kitchen Maale eŋ
Female form of labelpizzaïola, פיציולה, pizzaiola, picopekovka, pizzaiola Maale eŋ
Male form of labelpizzaiolo, pizzaïolo Maale eŋ
ISCO-08 occupation class9411 Maale eŋ
ISCO-88 occupation class5122 Maale eŋ

A yelbiri ŋa pizza fɔrɔ leɛ la saseɛ noɔre yɛlɛ a 10th yuomo kɔɔre naŋ pare poɔ Latin sɛgere poɔ yi a Southern Italian Gaeta teŋɛ eŋɛ Lazio poɔ, a torebogi eŋɛ ne Campania.[2] Raffaele Esposito gbɛɛ yaga maŋ nyɛ la emmo ne o naŋ kuri modern pizza Naples poɔ.[3][4][5][6] 2009 poɔ, Neapolitan pizza da irigyisi la ne a European Union ka o naŋ e traditional speciality guaranteed bondiraa. 2017 poɔ, Neapolitan pizza maaloo gɔɔloŋ da de poɔ la UNESCO's intangible cultural heritage yoe gampɛle eŋɛ.[7]

Pizza ane o tɛɛtɛɛ poɔ la bondi-yoe yaga poɔ a donɛɛ. Ba kɔɔrɔ la pizza bondi-kɔɔre zi-tɛɛtɛɛ eŋɛ, a paale pizzerias (pizza specialty restaurants), Mediterranean restaurants, via zeŋka-ba-de-wa ko ma, ane sori zu bondirii.[8] Italy poɔ, pizza ba naŋ kɔɔrɔ baa poɔ maŋ tere la gbuli lɛ, ba maŋ di o la ne bondi-sɔlee ane fɔki.[9][10] Yel-uraa wagere, ane a lɛ zaa, ba maŋ ŋmaa o la kyɛlɛɛ kyɛlɛɛ di nuuri eŋɛ. Pizza meŋ maŋ be la bondirii setɔɔ ka ba kɔɔrɔ, a bontɛɛtɛɛ, a poɔ firigyi boma bee aŋa kit ko meŋɛ maaloo. A pãã maŋ maale ne die bon ɔnnaa.

2017 poɔ, a donɛɛ pizza daa da e la US$128 biliyoŋ, ane a U.S. poɔ o da e la $44 biliyoŋ yaare gaŋ 76,000 pizzerias.[11] A zaa lantaa, a U.S. 13% semmo yuomo ayi kyɛ gɛrɛ dire la pizza bebiri zaa.[12]

E lɛ yi

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A yelbiri pizza saseɛ noɔre yɛlɛ tontoŋ boŋkoraa yi la Latin sɛgere, a yi Gaeta teŋɛ poɔ, naŋ da naŋ paale a Byzantine Empire, 997 AD poɔ; a sɛgere wuli ka bomamine soba na ko la Gaeta bishop duodecim pizze ("pizzare pie ne ayi") borenyɛ bebiri zaa , ane la paale pie ne ata Easter kosɛɛraa bebiri zaa.[2][13]

Teɛre E lɛ nyɛ mine paale la:

  • Byzantine Greek ane Late Latin pitta > pizza, cf. Modern Greek pitta borodo ane a Apulia ane Calabrian (then Byzantine Italy) pitta,[14] borodo peɛrɛtɛ vileŋgu naŋ sɛ ne toloŋ kpaŋkpaŋ bon-ɔnnaa poɔ wagere kaŋa ne kaama boma. A yelbiri pitta na baŋ tu te gaa la Ancient Greek πικτή (pikte), "pastry miinii", Latin poɔ naŋ e "picta", kyɛ bee Ancient Greek πίσσα (pissa, Attic πίττα, pitta), "pitch",[15][16] or πήτεα (pḗtea), "bran" (πητίτης pētítēs, "bran bread").[17]
  • A Italian Kɔkɔre E-lɛ-yi Disinaare manne o la aŋa bone naŋ yire kɔkɔkpɛglɛ pinza "nyɔge lantaa", aŋa modern Italian pinze poɔ"pliers, pincers, tongs, forceps". Ba yizie yi la Latin pinsere "na tɔ, stamp".[18]
  • A Lombardic yelbiri bizzo bee pizzo tɛgɛ la "noɔre pɛ la" (naŋ taa baaloŋ ne a Bɔrefɔ yelbie "bit" ane "bite"), a Lombards[2][19] naŋ da de ŋmaa kpɛ Italy ne faŋa a yuomo kɔɔre 6th AD sogaŋ. A sɛrebo b>p na baŋ manne la ne a High German consonant shift, ane o taa la kyɛlkyɛ ne ana nyɔgetaaloŋ ŋa ka German poɔ a yelbiri Imbiss tɛgɛ la "bondi-baaloŋ".

Ba maŋ boɔle la pizza bile wagere kaŋa ka "pizzetta".[20] Neɛ naŋ maala pizza la ka ba boɔlɔ "pizzaiolo".[21]

A yelbiri pizza pɛŋ yi la Italian eŋ English poɔ a 1930s poɔ; sɛre ka gyɛmaa wa baŋ o yɛlɛ, ba da boɔlɔ la pizza ka "tomato pie" a Bɔrefɔ yelbe. Irigyinal pizza mine tɛɛtɛɛloŋ naŋ tona ne la yuori tomato pie.[22]

Yelkorɔ

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Atekele meŋɛ: pizza yelkorɔ

 
Pizza in Pompeii ruins
 
Pizzaiolo-1830

Noba saseɛ noɔre yelyeli derɛ kpɛŋkpɛlmɛ yobo paale borodo na vɛŋ ka o taa nɔŋ tɛɛtɛɛ na baŋ nyɛ la yi ancient yelkorɔ eŋɛ. A yuomo kɔɔre 6th BC poɔ, a Persian sogyɛrɛ ko a Achaemenid Empire, a Darius naaloŋ wagere peɛrɛtɛ borodo sɛ kpoŋ ne biroŋkãã ane zĩĩ dawɔma dɔgle ba zɔɔzɔɔboŋguuraa zuŋ[23][24] ane ka a ancient Greeks maŋ soŋ ba borodo ne kãã, vaare ane biroŋkãã.[25][26] Daŋ peɛroo kyaare bondirii naŋ yineŋ pizza eɛ la a Aeneid poɔ, saŋa na Celaeno, Harpies pɔge naa, yeli ka a Trojans koŋ nyɛ emmaa te ta saŋa na kɔŋ naŋ wa fere ba ka ba di ba sẽẽbinnii (Book III). Book VII poɔ, ba maŋ biŋ la Aeneas ane o dɔba seemaa naŋ poɔ keki vileŋgu (aŋa pita borodo) dɔgle ne zɛvadogere. Ba naŋ wa di a borodo, ba leɛteɛre la ka a "sẽẽbinnii" Celaeno naŋ daŋ yeli la ama.[27] 2023 poɔ, In 2023, noba naŋ zanna yelkorɔ da yinne la yelkorɔ bondemanna Pompeii poɔ naŋ saana ne pizza tɔ bondiraa bondi-parɛɛ mine poɔ ane ba bieo zaa bondirii wɛ lɛ. Italy yipɔge minisa yeli ka "o na baŋ e la saaŋkoŋ tɔɔre pampana bondiraa".[28][29] A yelbiri "pizza" fɔrɔ boɔloo yi la la sɛreŋmaa gansɛgre ba naŋ sɛge ne Latin ne bebiri Mɛnoɔre 997 AD yi Gaeta, naŋ wulo "pizzare pie ne ayi yɔɔbo, doba bɔge, ane dobaa larembiri borenyɛ daare eŋɛ, ane pizzare 12 ane nɔ nɛne naŋ ba poɔrɔ Easter daare".[30]

Moɔɔdeŋ pizza daa yi la borodo peɛrɛte tɔ bondirii Naples poɔ, a 18th poɔ bee fɔrɔ 19th yuomo kɔɔre vuo.[31] Sɛre ana wagere na, ba da maŋ dɔgle la borodo peɛrɛtɛ ne kpeŋkpɛlmɛ teseŋ garlic, nyɛnnoo, doba-kãã, ane biroŋkãã. Noba da ba nɔŋ kɔmmie naŋ wa paale o fɔrɔ ane yelbawontaa yaga da be la be, ane a zaa ka o da koŋ baŋ e sɛre a 16th yuomo kɔɔre vuo[31] ane a Columbian tɛgetaa. Te ta ŋa 1830, ba da kɔɔrɔ la pizza gbaŋgbala poɔ ane ziiri naŋ ba peɛle pizza sɛ zie.[32]

Ziriŋmaa kaŋa naŋ de zu pampana wuli ka pizza yie, pizza Margherita, da kuree la 1889 poɔ, a Royal Palace of Capodimonte naŋ da yeli ka a Neapolitan Pizzaiolo (pizza maala) Raffaele Esposito maale pizza kyaare ne a sããtegeroŋ Queen Margherita waabo. A pizza tɛɛtɛɛ ata o naŋ maale, a Napɔge bonboɔraa zaa da la pizza ba naŋ maale ne Italian flag waaloŋ - zeɛ (kɔmmiri), vaare (basil), ane pelaa (mozzarella). O da sage, ka ba de o[33] yuori ko ana pizza ŋa tɔ, ne emmo gane yi a Napɔge "head of service" naŋ bebe waana ŋa a Esposito's shop poɔ, ba naŋ boɔlɔ pampana ka Pizzeria Brandi.[34] Pampana peɛroo wulo la buriburi ne ana ziriŋmaa ŋa, sigire a fɔrɔ yelmennoo emmo, wuli ka midia zaa ana wagere na ba tere duoro kyaare ana waabo na ane ka a sensenloŋ ane a yuori Margherita da nyɛ la duoroo a 1930s-1940s poɔ.[35][36]

Italian deme naŋ be United States de la Pizza gaa be a yuomo kɔɔre 19th vuoŋ[37] a daŋ sãã ziiri ba naŋ be yaga. A paaloŋ fɔrɔ pizzeria, Lombardi's, naŋ yuo New York City poɔ 1905 eŋɛ.[38] Tuuro a World War ||, veterans naŋ da leɛ yire a Italian Campaign waana, ba naŋ da wuli Italy deme bondi-maale, da wulo la ba pizza bammo daabo.

A Associazione Verace Pizza Napoletana (lit. True Neapolitan Pizza Association) e la tonzaala kpaaroo naŋ mɛ 1984 poɔ ne ɔfere kpoŋ Naples poɔ naŋ boɔrɔ na duori Neapolitan saaŋkonnoŋ pizza.[39] 2009 poɔ, Italy sɔrebo eŋɛ, Neapolitan pizza da irigyisi la ne a European Union a e Traditional Speciality Guaranteed dish,[40][41] ane 2017 poɔ o maaloo gɔɔloŋ da kpɛ la UNESCO's intangible cultural heritage yoe gampɛle.[7]

O Maaloo

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Pizza maŋ kɔɔre la paaloŋ lɛ bee maaroŋ lɛ yi firigyi, ane gbuli lɛ bee ŋmaŋma kyɛlɛɛ. Ba yineŋ la sobie na zɔɔ ne yelkpeɛre teseŋ begerɛ a kãã ka a na ta kpɛ a mɔle, ane maala pizza muŋkpeɛne naŋ na baŋ eŋ firigyi poɔ kyɛ la leɛ toli ka a ba e kpeɛne. Firigyi pizza maara be la be ne kpɛŋkpɛlmɛ kpala ane meŋɛ boɔbo muŋkpeɛŋaa zeŋ.

A pizza kaŋa meŋ la bebe la yi de a sɛ pizzerias. A pizza ŋa maŋ maale la bee kpɛŋkpɛlmɛ maŋ de laŋ la taa setɔɔ poɔ, ka ba maŋ kɔɔre kare lɛ ko daareba ka ba na sɛ ba bon-ɔnne poɔ. Bondi-kɔɔre setɔɔre mine maŋ kɔɔre la a zɔŋ-buuri ne kãã ane kpɛŋkpɛlmɛ bile, ka ba na de gaa lantaa dieŋ sɛre kyɛ sɛɛrɛ bon-ɔnnaa poɔŋ.

Seɛbo

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Bondi-kɔɔre ziiri poɔ, pizza na baŋ sɛ la bon-ɔnaa ne warema naŋ gaali vũũ zu, fentendigilii bon-ɔnnaa, bonwuoro bon-ɔnnaa, bee saaŋkonnoŋ tɔ poɔ daare bee vũũ zɛllɛ warema bon-ɔnnaa. Ba maŋ de la a pizza eŋ a bon-ɔnnaa poɔ ne vuwogi, ba naŋ boɔlɔ sɔvoll, a sɛ warema daanmeɛraa eŋɛ, a nyaaraa (a round metal grate, typically aluminum), bee lɛ na zaa a bon-ɔnnaa niŋe naŋ wuo. Sɛre ka ba na toŋ neŋ o, ba maŋ miri la a sɔvoll ne kamaazɔŋ na vɛŋ ka a pizza tɔɔna leɛre mɔlɔ lɛ.[42] Ka onaŋ wa maale yiri poɔ, pizza na baŋ sɛ la pizza kuuri zu bebiri zaa bon-ɔnnaa eŋɛ, ka o na leɛ tere warema bon-ɔnnaa toloŋ na mine. A kuri-kpale zu seɛbo maŋ vɛŋ la ka toloŋ yaga kpeɛrɛ a pizza pare, ka o kɔɔrɔ.[43] Die pizza seɛrɛba mine maŋ de la vũũ daare bon-ɔnnaa, gbɛɛ yaga naŋ maŋ be yɛŋɛŋ. Aŋa bondi-kɔɔre ziiri, gbɛɛ yaga a ama maŋ e la vileŋgu, aŋa pizza bon-ɔnne naŋ be be ta yuomo kɔɔre,[44] ka lɛ na vɛŋ ka a tõɔ nyɛ toloŋ sentaa. Kaŋa naŋ la be o tɔɔraa la pizza wiiraa, a pizza maŋ sɛ la waaɛ (nɛne bon-wiiri bone) naŋ dɔgle vũũ zelɛ zu. Greek pizza, aŋa bondi-tegeroŋ, Chicago ane Sicilian pizza tɔ, maŋ sɛ la pan poɔ gaŋ ba naŋ na sɛ o warema pizza bon-ɔnnaa zuŋ.

Bondi maale ziiri yaga maŋ de la tabol ba naŋ maale na tona ne pizza toma yoŋ maala ne ba pizza. Pizza yaga maale tutaa na baŋ e la otomatikal.

Pare

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NewYorkSlices

A pizza muni, ba naŋ boɔlɔ "crust", na baŋ e la tɛɛtɛɛ lɛ yi a maaloo gɔɔloŋ - fɛŋafɛŋa aŋa Neapolitan pizza nu bonnɔnaa bee kpage aŋa Chicago-style bondi-tegeroŋ. Lesiri poɔ o maŋ e la kpale lɛ, kyɛ na baŋ eŋ garlic bee vaare tĩĩ meŋ bee boma ne biroŋkãã. A pizza be na naŋ maŋ be yeŋ, ba maŋ boɔle o la wagere kaŋa ka cornicione.[45] Pizza mɔle mine maŋ taa la sikyire, na soŋ o miiruŋ na ka a do ane duori a pare mɔmbo.[46]

American pizza chain Papa John's pizza la da wane ɛre boma (kɔmmie) di ne pizza 1984 poɔ a yi lɛ waana ŋa, ka noba tɔglɔ ka ba naŋ wa ɔɔrɔ pizza, gaŋ a zaa a pare.[47]

Biroŋkãã

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Atekele meŋɛ: Pizza biroŋkãã

Mozzarella biroŋkãã de eŋ pizza eŋɛ porɛɛ la, ne a Buffalo mozzarella na maala yire Naples gbaŋgbale.[48] Ba maŋ toŋ ne la biroŋkãã mine, gaŋ a zaa Italian biroŋkaanɛɛ paale provolone, pecorino romano, ricotta, ane scamorza. Biroŋkãã maale daa naŋ sigi bee biroŋkãã maale naŋ na baŋ areko a baaɛ la ko pizza da-yaga daa na maale bomboɔre sonne aŋa borodo waaloŋ, nyɛlbo, yɔloo, wagere la wagere kãã ane kõɔ̃ maaroŋ, ane biŋ kɔɔre kyɛ na soma. Ana faŋa ŋa na kuri boŋkpeɛnne ane pizza biroŋkãã mɔla wane la zannoo yaga ane e-nyaabo naŋ wulo zɛvaare kãã tona, a maaloo ane a lesiri yeltuuri, biroŋkãã saambo ane kyiluu mine a maaloo poɔ. 1997 poɔ, teɛre ka da wuli ka yuoni gbuli zaa pizza biroŋkãã maaloo da e la 1 miliyoŋ metric tons (1,100,000 short tons) a U.S. poɔ ane 100,000 metric tons (110,000 short tons) Europe poɔ.[49]

Tɛɛtɛɛ ane Gɔɔloŋ ire

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Atekele meŋɛ: pizza tɛɛtɛɛ yoe ane a paaloŋ

Pizza tɛɛtɛɛ noɔre naŋ ba poorɔ bebe, boɔbo bondɔgle la maŋ manne wuli a ane wagere kaŋa meŋ a pare. Pizza gɔɔloŋ ire parɛɛ parɛɛ meŋ bebe la, a . maaloo sobie naŋ maŋ manne wuli. A yoe pɛll naŋ tu kɔlage la ana naŋ pore do zu.

Tɛɛtɛɛ parɛɛ
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Enfuoni Yuori kpɛŋkpɛlmɛ waaloŋ Yizie First attested Kyɛle kyɛ
 
Margherita - Five50 Aria
 Pizza Margherita Tomatoes, mozzarella, basil. Naples, Italy June 1889 The archetypical Neapolitan pizza.
 
Pizza marinara
 Pizza marinara Tomato sauce, olive oil, oregano, garlic. No cheese. Naples, Italy 1734 One of the oldest Neapolitan pizza.
 
Pizza capricciosa
 Pizza capricciosa Ham, mushrooms, artichokes, egg. Rome, Lazio, Italy 1937 Similar to pizza alle quattro stagioni, but with toppings mixed rather than separated.
 
Pizza quattro formaggi at restaurant, Chalk Farm Road, London
 Pizza ai quattro formaggi Prepared using four kinds of cheese (Italian: [ˈkwattro forˈmaddʒi], "four cheeses"): mozzarella, Gorgonzola and two others depending on the region. Lazio, Italy Its origins are not clearly documented, but it is believed to originate from the Lazio region at the beginning of the 18th century.
 
Pizza Quattro Stagioni
 Pizza alle quattro stagioni Artichokes, mushroom, ham, tomatoes. Campania, Italy The toppings are separated by quarter, representing the cycle of the seasons.
 
Pizza with tomato, sun-dried tomato and onion
 Pizza pugliese Tomatoes, onion, mozzarella. Apulia, Italy
 
Seafood pizza (1)
 Seafood pizza Seafood, such as fish, shellfish or squid. Italy Subvarieties include pizza ai frutti di mare (no cheese) and pizza pescatore (with mussels or squid).
 
Frank pepe clam pie
 Clam pie Clams. New England 1950s Pizza version of the covered pie served in New England since colonial times.
 
Pizza with pineapple
 Hawaiian pizza Pineapple, ham or bacon. Canada 1962 Tends to divide opinion
Gɔɔloŋ ire
maaleŋ
Enfuoni Yuori Nandaare waaloŋ Yizie First attested
 
CalzoneAlForno
 Calzone Pizza folded in half turnover-style. Naples, Italy 1700s
 
Heart shape pizzetta
 Pizzetta Small pizza served as an hors d'oeuvre or snack. Italy
 
Deep Fried Pizza
 Deep-fried pizza The pizza is deep-fried (cooked in oil) instead of baked. Italy and Scotland
 
California club pizza
 California-style pizza Distinguished by the use of non-traditional ingredients, especially varieties of fresh produce. California, U.S. 1980
 
Chicago-Style Stuffed Pizza
 Chicago-style pizza Baked in a pan with a high edge that holds in a thick layer of toppings. The crust is sometimes stuffed with cheese or other ingredients. Chicago, U.S. c. 1940s
 
Colorado Pizza
 Colorado-style pizza Made with a characteristically thick, braided crust topped with heavy amounts of sauce and cheese. It is traditionally served by the pound, with a side of honey as a condiment. Colorado, U.S. 1973
 
Detroit Style Pizza in Lloyds Detroit Style Pan
 Detroit-style pizza The cheese is spread to the edges and caramelizes against the high-sided heavyweight rectangular pan, giving the crust a lacy, crispy edge. Detroit, U.S. 1946
 
Grandma-pizza-01
 Grandma pizza Thin, square, baked in a sheet pan, "reminiscent of pizzas cooked at home by Italian housewives without a pizza oven". Long Island, U.S. Early 1900s
 
Greek pizza
 Greek pizza Proofed and baked in a shallow pan; the crust is light and similar to focaccia. Connecticut, U.S. 1955
 
Box o' strips
 Italian tomato pie Made from thick dough covered by tomato paste; a variation on Sicilian pizza. Also called pizza strips (when cut as in the image), gravy pie, church pie, red bread, party pizza, etc. U.S. Early 1900s
 
Adams Morgan Jumbo Slice
 Jumbo slice Very large slice of pizza sold as street food. New York and Washington, D.C., U.S. 1981
 
Slices of thin-crust New York style pizza
 New York–style pizza Neapolitan-derived pizza with a characteristic thin foldable crust. New York metropolitan area (and beyond) Early 1900s
 
Imos Hampton Deluxe-OliveCanadianbacon
 St. Louis–style pizza The style has a thin cracker-like crust made without yeast, generally uses Provel cheese, and is cut into squares or rectangles instead of wedges. St. Louis, U.S. 1945

A yizie yi irigyinne

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Italy

Neapolitan pizza meŋɛ (pizza napoletana) maŋ maale la ne San Marzano kɔmmie, ba naŋ maŋ kɔ volcanic zi-gbaŋgbaleŋ Mount Vesuvius kɔmpare sɛŋ, kyɛ bee mozzarella di bufala campana, naŋ maale ne biroŋ yi kõɔ̃ buffalo naŋ guoli a marshlands Campania poɔ ane Lazio[50] bee fior di latte. Buffalo mozzarella gue la ne o meŋɛ European guubo yuori yizie.[51] Saaŋkoŋ pizzas mine la pizza alla marinara, naŋ maŋ dɔgle ne kɔmbie neɛne ane onaŋ la ancient kɔmmi-dɔgle pizza naŋ do zu,[52] pizza capricciosa, ba naŋ maŋ maale ne mozzarella biroŋkãã, doba nɛmbogloŋ seɛraa, guru, artichoke, ane kɔmmiri,[53] ane pizza pugliese, ba naŋ maŋ maale ne kɔmmiri, mozzarella, ane gyɛnle.[54]

Pizza iruŋ yuori kaŋa Italy poɔ la Sicillian pizza (lokal ba naŋ boɔlɔ sfincione bee sfinciuni),[55][56] muŋkpage bee pizza kpage naŋ yire a yuomo kɔɔre 17 wagere Sicily poɔ: gbɛɛ yaga focaccia la maŋ dɔgle o zu ne kɔmmi-neɛne ane kpɛŋkpɛlmɛ mine. Te ta a 1860s, sfincione da e la pizza ŋa tɔ gbɛɛ yaga ba naŋ dire Sicily poɔ, gaŋ a zaa a island luo sɛŋ.[57] Pizza yobo mine meŋ be la a Italy irigyinne mine poɔ, aseŋ pizza al padellino bee pizza al tegamino, bombile sennaa, muŋkpage, pizza tage, gbɛɛ yaga baŋ maŋ tere Turin ane Piedmont poɔ.[58][59][60]

United States

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Atekele meŋɛ: Pizza a United States poɔ

 
Pizza tasting in the Roosevelt Room

Pizzeria fɔrɔ U.S. poɔ da yuo la New York City's Italy bile 1905 poɔ.[61] Pizza bondɔgle pore United States poɔ, poɔ la anchovies, naanɛne bonɛɛne, nɔnɛne, doba-nɛn-bugluŋ, guru, olives, gyɛnle, peppers, pepperoni, salami, sausage, spinach, steak, ane kɔmmie. Irigyinal bontɛɛtɛɛ parɛɛ baa la a 20th yuomo kɔɔre vuoŋ, naŋ poɔ Buffalo,[62] California, Chicago, Detroit, Greek, New Haven, New York, ane St. Louis styles.[63] A irigyinal bontɛɛtɛɛ ama poɔ la bondi-tegere, stuffed, pockets, turnovers, rolled, ane pizza-on-a-stick, kaŋa zaa ne bonɛrelanne naŋ ba taa bɔge ane bondɔgle.

A United States noba pie ne ata kɔɔ poɔ maŋ di la pizza bebiri zaa.[64] Pizza Chains aseŋ Domino's Pizza, Pizza Hut, ane Papa John's, pizzas yi take and bake pizzerias, ane bommaane bee firigyi pizzas yi boŋkɔɔre zikpoŋ maŋ e la ka pizza bebe wagere zaa ko daareba a donɛɛ zaaŋ.

Argentina

maaleŋ

Atekele meŋɛ: Argentine pizza

 
Pizzas Buenos Aires

Argentine pizza e la a paaloŋ bondi-maale gɔɔloŋ teɛrɛ,[65] gaŋ a zaa o bommaale Buenos Aires, zie ba naŋ de o ka o e yipɔge saaŋkonnoŋ ane a teŋɛ bondemannewulaa.[66][67][68] Argentina e la paaloŋ ne pizzerias yaga ko o kpeɛrɛ kaŋa zaa a donɛɛ poɔ ane la ba dire a la a paaloŋ zaaŋ, a maale kɔɔre ziiri ane a da daareba vinviŋ mɛŋɛ be la Buenos Aires, a teŋkpoŋ ba naŋ dire pizza yaga zaa a donɛɛ poɔ (ba naŋ teɛre nyɛ 2015 poɔ ka o e la 14 miliyoŋ yuoni zaa).[69] A lɛ yɛlɛ, ba sage de la a teŋkpoŋ ŋa ka o e a donɛɛ pizza nimize-yire. Ba da wuli la Buenos Aires a bondiraa ŋa yuomo kɔɔre 19th puoriŋ ne a Italian be iri kpeɛbo yaga, a poɔ a European yaga iri kpɛ ne leɛ iri ko a paaloŋ naŋ paale poɔ. Ana wagere na ne o zu la lɛ, ka a Pizza Margherita noba yaga naŋ baŋ da kuri Italy poɔ, ba da daŋ maala la pizza a Argentine teŋkpoŋ poɔ.[70] A Italian tɔgle maalba naŋ da zeŋ be iri naŋ wa kpɛ a teŋɛ leɛre la a bondiraa meŋɛ na ka o e sẽẽtegeroŋ, yuo la ba eŋɛ ne bondirii yaga naŋ be Argentina.[70][71] A 1930s poɔ, ba da nyɔge la pizza ka o e kpeɛŋaa a e yipɔge bondemannewulaa Buenos Aires poɔ, ne a pizza maale ziiri naŋ leɛra nimipɛle gbaŋgbala zie kora a tontoneba naŋ waana a teŋɛ.[71][70]

 
Fugazzeta en pizzeria Guerrin, Buenos Aires

Argentine pizza yuori gɔɔroŋ ire—a pizzerias tegrɛ yaga zie naŋ be Buenos Aires naŋ taa o gɔɔloŋ— la a kanwaa pizza de molde (Spanish for "pizza in the pan"), naŋ taa nandaare "tage, gbɛrɛ muni ane borodo muni tɔ foore duobo". A gɔɔroŋ ire ŋa, zenɛ naŋ wuli ka onaŋ la Argentine pizza gɔɔroŋ are terɛ—waaloŋ nandaare naŋ wulo o, muŋkpage ane biroŋkãã yaga—zɛge doe la saŋa na Italian wa zenɛ tɔglmaala naŋ nyɛ bondirii naŋ ba poɔrɔ yaga ana saŋa na Argentina soŋ eŋɛ, naŋ yuo ba eŋɛ ka ba leɛre a bondiraa meŋɛ na ka o e bondi-tegeroŋ naŋ seŋ ne bondi-tere fɔrɔ. A yuori pizza de molde (Spanish for "pizza in the pan") yie la bonso pizza bonɔnne da kyebe a teŋɛ poɔ, a lɛ an, ka a seɛreba maŋ leɛ de pan a sɛ ne a.[72] Ba naŋ maŋ de bonsɛ laabilii tona ne na, Argentine pizzare da maŋ e la lomboe anaare bee ka lomboe ayi sentaa ka ayi meŋ sentaa, waaloŋ ba naŋ de manne ne a 1920 wagere vuo, ka pizzerias zuri mine naŋ kyɛne tona ne, gaŋa zaa zeɛvaare pizzare, fugazzetas bee fugazzas.[72]

Argentine pizza gɔɔroŋ ire mine meŋ naŋ la a fugazza yuori naŋ yire ane o yiibu fugazzeta bee fugazza con queso (yelzu naŋ e tɛɛtɛɛ yire a pizzeria), bee a pizza de cancha bee canchera (biroŋkãã naŋ ba seŋ bone).[73] Pizza yoe pɛllɛ yaga zie maŋ poɔ la boŋgyere lantaa naŋ laara be, a poɔ a traditional plain mozzarella, yokpɛglaa naŋ e "muza" bee "musa" a napolitana bee napo" ne "biroŋkãã, kɔmmie kyɔre, garlic, Oregano koomo ane Olives bonvaare fẽẽ", ka buriburi koŋ kyebe o ne Neapolitan pizza, calabrese, ne longaniza[74] kyɔre; jamon y morrones, ne ham kyɔre ane bell peppers seɛre; a laŋ ne provolone waaloŋ, ane anchovies,[74]ne hearts of palm, bee ne gyɛle dogere kyɔraa. A gɔɔloŋ ŋa tɔ naŋ taa yitaaloŋ ne Buenos Aires la pizza ne fainá de lantaa, keki naŋ maale yi chickpea zɔŋ.[75]

Irekɔɔde

maaleŋ

2021 vuoŋ, yɛlɛ naŋ yi Guinness World Records:

  • A donɛɛ pizza kpoŋ da maale la Rome poɔ disembare 2012 poɔ, ane mannoo 1,261 lombo-sentaa mitare (13,570 lombo-sentaa wogiloŋ). Ba da pore la a pizza yuori ka "Ottavia" ne emmo ko a Roman emperor Octavian Augustus fɔrɔ, ane ba da maale o la ka o ba taa zuloo.[76]
  • A donɛɛ pizza wogi da e la 1,930.39 mitare (6,333 wogiloŋ 31⁄2 yaloŋ) wogi; ba da maale o la Fontana poɔ, California 2017 poɔ.[77] Irekɔɔde mine meŋ naŋ daŋ e pare la Marquinetti (Tomelloso, Spain), zie 1141.5 m pizza naŋ da nyɛ eebo, meŋ naŋ gaŋ irekɔɔde kaŋa naŋ e Poland poɔ.[78]
  • A donɛɛ pizza kɔɔraa daa naŋ e tuo paa bebe nyɛ la emmo yi Guinness World Records daa la US$2,700, ba da kɔɔre o la Industry Kitchen (USA), New York poɔ, New York, US, 24 kyɛpire, 2017 eŋɛ. Boma ama la maale o black squid ink dough, a dɔgle ne UK white Stilton cheese, French foie gras ane truffles, Ossetra caviar yi a Caspian Sea, Almas caviar, ane 24K salima vaare.[79]
  • Pizza yaga daa naŋ do duoro waɛ la, kyɛ ba nyɛ emmo yi Guinness World Records, aseŋ a £4,200 "Pizza Royale 007" Haggis restaurant eŋɛ Glasgow poɔ, Scotland, naŋ dɔgle ne caviar, lobster, ane 24-carat saliŋ-zɔŋ, ane a US$1,000 caviar pizza, Nino's Bellissima pizzeria naŋ maale New York City poɔ, New York.[80]
  • Pizza naŋ maale yi a Domenico Crolla bondi-maale Zie soba naŋ taa bondɔgle teseŋ kɔmmie kuomo bonneɛne, Scottish smoked salmon, medallions of venison, edible gold, lobster marinated cognac poɔ, ane champagne-soaked caviar. Ba da kɔɔre la a pizza ko neɛ naŋ da do a de soŋ ne noba 2007 poɔ, naŋ do ta £2,150.[81]

Pizza ane laanfeeloŋ

maaleŋ
 
Boy Scouts Moving Pizza

pizzare mine maale yaga yi pizza chains nyɛ la yelwuli ka a ba taa laanfeeloŋ bondi-kpɛŋkpɛlmɛ naŋ senne. Pizza nyɛnno ane kãã na baŋ do la, ane faŋa yaga. A USDA tere la sodium semmo naŋ ta 5,100 mg per 14 (36 cm) pizza duoro naŋ senne bondi-yaga tutaa maale kɔɔre poɔ.[82] Yelwone be la be kyaare laanfeeloŋ yelferɛ-baboɔre eŋ.[83][84]

Bondirii mine naŋ yineŋ lɛ

maaleŋ
  • Calzone ane stromboli e la bondirii mine naŋ yineŋ lɛ ba naŋ maŋ maale ne pizza mɔle gbulii (calzone) bee vilivili (stromboli) bone eŋɛ.
  • Panzerotti ne calzones yineŋ la taa, kyɛ ka ba maŋ kyẽẽ gaŋ ba naŋ na de sɛ.
  • Piadina e la Italian borodo yare fɛŋa-fɛŋa, gbɛɛ yaga ba naŋ maŋ maale Romagna yelkorɔ irigyiŋ poɔ.
  • Focaccia e la leavened Italian borodo ɔnnaa, naŋ taa pizza yitaaloŋ gɔɔroŋ ane waaloŋ; ziiri mine poɔ, ba boɔlɔ o la pizza bianca ("pizza pelaa").[85]
  • "Farinata" bee "cecina".[86] A Ligurian (farinata) ane Tuscan (cecina) irigyinal bondiraa naŋ maŋ maale yi chickpea zɔŋ, kõɔ, nyɛnnoo, ane olive kãã. Meŋ ba naŋ boɔlɔ socca a France Provence irigyiŋ poɔ. Gbɛɛ yaga ba naŋ maŋ sɛ warema bonɔnnaa, ane gbɛɛ yaga ba naŋ maŋ zale ŋma kɔɔre.
  • Coca e la a bondi-yitɔ kaŋa ba naŋ dire Catalonia poɔ ane o irigyiŋ kpare, kyɛ yɔle gaa Spain ziiri mine ane Algeria meŋ. A bonnɔŋ ane bonnyɛnnoo vɛɛseŋ bebe la.
  • A Alsatian Flammekueche[87] (Standard German: Flammkuchen, French: Tarte flambée) e la bondi-fɛŋa-fɛŋa male naŋ maŋ pɔge ne crème fraîche, gyɛnle, ane doba-nɛmbuuluŋ
  • Garlic fingers e la Atlantic Canadian bondiraa, naŋ yineŋ pizza waaloŋ vuo ane semmo, ka ba maŋ maale ne male naŋ kyɛre fĩĩ ka a yitaa. Ba maŋ maale la kããma eŋ o ne kãã nyɛlee, garlic, biroŋkãã ane wagere kaŋa doba-nɛmbuuluŋ.
  • A Anatolian Lahmacun (Arabic: laḥm bi'ajīn; Armenian: lahmajoun; ane meŋ Turkish pizza bee Armenian pizza) e la mɔle vileŋgu dɔgle nɛne. A pare maŋ e la fɛŋa-fɛŋa lɛ, ka a nɛne dɔgle gbɛɛ yaga maŋ poɔ zɛvaare naŋ kyɔre.[88]
  • A Levantine Manakish (Arabic: ma'ujnāt) ane Sfiha (Arabic: laḥm bi'ajīn; ane meŋ Arab pizza) e la bondirii naŋ yineŋ pizza.
  • Panizza e la borodo lombo-tall half a stick of bread (gbɛɛ yaga naŋ maŋ wɛle eŋ lomboe ayi), a dɔgle ne pizza bomaale kpɛŋkpɛlmɛ, a sɛ bonɔnna poɔ.
  • A Macedonian Pastrmalija e la borodo paɛ naŋ maale yi mɔle ane nɛne. O maŋ e la kuŋkuni lɛ ne nɛne naŋ kyɔre dɔgle o eŋɛ.
  • A Provençal Pissaladière yineŋ la Italian pizza, ne muni naŋ kpage fĩĩ lɛ a dɔgle gyɛnle dogere, anchovies, ane olives.
  • Pizza bagel e la "bagel" ne bondɔgle naŋ yire ne saaŋkonnoŋ pizza (traditional pizzas) deni.
  • Pizza borodo e la lombo-tall dɔgle boma ba naŋ maale ne borodo, kɔmmi-neɛne, biroŋkãã,[89] ane bondɔgle mine.
  • Pizza sticks maŋ sɛ la ne pizza mɔle ane pizza kpɛŋkpɛlmɛ.[90] Borodo mɔle meŋ na baŋ de maale a la,[91] ane a vɛɛsenne mine meŋ maŋ kyẽẽ la.[92]
  • Pizza snack rolls e la boŋkɔɔre yuori dadi bone.
  • Okonomiyaki, Japanese bondiraa ba naŋ maŋ doge "hotplate" eŋɛ, gbɛɛ yaga ba naŋ maŋ ka "Japanese pizza".[93]
  • "Zanzibar pizza" e la sori zu bondirii ba naŋ kɔɔrɔ Stone Town poɔ, Zanzibar, Tanzania. O mɔle maŋ e la fɛŋa-fɛŋa gaŋ pizza mɔle, aŋa filo mɔle, a paale ne na-nɛne naŋ neɛŋe, gyɛnle, ane gyɛle, naŋ yire ne Moroccan basṭīla.[94]
  • Zwiebelkuchen, German gyɛnle dɔgle, gbɛɛ naŋ maŋ sɛ ne doba nɛne naŋ kyɔre bilii lɛ ane "caraway" bombie.

Kaa kyɛ meŋ

maaleŋ

Sommo Yizie

maaleŋ
  1. ↑ https://www.oed.com/dictionary/pizza_n
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 https://web.archive.org/web/20130328023458/http://www.yourdictionary.com/library/pizza.html
  3. ↑ Arthur Schwartz, Naples at Table: Cooking in Campania (1998), p. 68. ISBN 9780060182618.
  4. ↑ John Dickie, Delizia!: The Epic History of the Italians and Their Food (2008), p. 186.
  5. ↑ Father Giuseppe Orsini, Joseph E. Orsini, Italian Baking Secrets (2007), p. 99.
  6. ↑ https://www.italymag.co.uk/
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/dec/07/naples-pizza-twirling-wins-unesco-intangible-status
  8. ↑ https://www.americanheritage.com/american-pie https://web.archive.org/web/20120203155552/http://www.americanheritage.com/content/american-pie
  9. ↑ https://www.theguardian.com/food/2019/sep/06/how-to-eat-neapolitan-style-pizza https://web.archive.org/web/20190914233416/https://www.theguardian.com/food/2019/sep/06/how-to-eat-neapolitan-style-pizza
  10. ↑ https://www.npr.org/sections/thesalt/2014/01/13/262087618/italians-to-new-yorkers-forkgate-scandal-fuggedaboutit https://web.archive.org/web/20190920211635/https://www.npr.org/sections/thesalt/2014/01/13/262087618/italians-to-new-yorkers-forkgate-scandal-fuggedaboutit
  11. ↑ https://www.pmq.com/pizza-power-2017-a-state-of-the-industry-report
  12. ↑ https://www.ars.usda.gov/ARSUserFiles/80400530/pdf/DBrief/11_consumption_of_pizza_0710.pdf
  13. ↑ Salvatore Riciniello (1987) Codice Diplomatico Gaetano, Vol. I, La Poligrafica
  14. ↑ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_Modern_Greek
  15. ↑ http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=pizza
  16. ↑ http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2383267&redirect=true
  17. ↑ http://dictionary.reference.com/search?q=pizza&r=66
  18. ↑ http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?allowed_in_frame=0&search=pizza
  19. ↑ http://www.garzantilinguistica.it/ricerca/?q=pizza
  20. ↑ http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/pizzetta
  21. ↑ https://www.cbsnews.com/news/bringing-authentic-neapolitan-pizza-home/
  22. ↑ https://www.nytimes.com/2023/10/06/dining/tomato-pie-pizza.html
  23. ↑ Pizza, A Slice of American History" Liz Barrett (2014), p.13
  24. ↑ The Science of Bakery Products" W. P. Edwards (2007), p.199
  25. ↑ https://books.google.com/books?id=c0wiAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA67
  26. ↑ Buonassisi, Rosario (2000). Pizza: From its Italian Origins to the Modern Table. Firefly. p. 78.
  27. ↑ https://web.archive.org/web/20170329051513/http://dcc.dickinson.edu/eimmart-aeneas-and-trojans-fulfill-anchises-prophecy
  28. ↑ https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-66031341
  29. ↑ https://www.abc.net.au/news/2023-06-28/pizza-distant-ancestor-painting-roman-house-pompeii/102533868?utm_campaign=abc_news_web&utm_content=link&utm_medium=content_shared&utm_source=abc_news_web
  30. ↑ https://napoli.repubblica.it/cronaca/2015/02/09/news/sorpresa_la_parola_pizza_nata_a_gaeta-106914635/?ref=twhr
  31. ↑ 31.0 31.1 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-86189-391-8
  32. ↑ http://www.history.com/news/hungry-history/a-slice-of-history-pizza-through-the-ages
  33. ↑ https://web.archive.org/web/20130207192931/http://www.italymag.co.uk/italy-featured/recipes/pizza-margherita-history-and-recipe
  34. ↑ https://books.google.com/books?isbn=0767932110
  35. ↑ https://web.archive.org/web/20121231225517/http://www.bbc.co.uk/food/0/20515123
  36. ↑ https://www.researchgate.net/publication/263340437
  37. ↑ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-86189-630-8
  38. ↑ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1416589976
  39. ↑ http://www.pizzanapoletana.org/eng_chisiamo.php
  40. ↑ http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2010:034:0007:0016:EN:PDF
  41. ↑ https://web.archive.org/web/20140819084957/http://www.inta.org/INTABulletin/Pages/EUROPEANUNIONPIZZANAPOLETANAObtainsTraditionalSpecialityGuaranteedStatus.aspx
  42. ↑ https://books.google.com/books?id=bmI2YJ1vMxMC&pg=PA3
  43. ↑ https://www.npr.org/sections/thesalt/2018/07/23/630544154/pizza-physics-why-brick-ovens-bake-the-perfect-italian-style-pie
  44. ↑ https://web.archive.org/web/20180426080338/https://www.californo.co/collections/pizza-oven-kits/
  45. ↑ https://web.archive.org/web/20160614000129/https://books.google.com/books?id=nXUkqkBA-DkC&pg=PA167
  46. ↑ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9632034-0-3
  47. ↑ https://www.eater.com/2017/7/27/16021832/pizza-dipping-sauce-papa-johns-garlic-dominos-sauce
  48. ↑ https://web.archive.org/web/20140717093819/http://www.nytimes.com/2012/10/14/magazine/buffalo-mozzarella-craig-ramini.html?pagewanted=all
  49. ↑ https://books.google.com/books?id=-oRp5VCVTQQC&q=pizza+cheese&pg=PA482
  50. ↑ https://web.archive.org/web/20050218123118/http://europa.eu.int/comm/agriculture/qual/it/147_it.htm
  51. ↑ https://web.archive.org/web/20050218123118/http://europa.eu.int/comm/agriculture/qual/it/147_it.htm
  52. ↑ http://cultura.biografieonline.it/storia-della-pizza-napoletana/
  53. ↑ https://books.google.com/books?id=mm_xkiHltdAC&pg=PA244
  54. ↑ https://books.google.com/books?id=VCwtAQAAMAAJ&q=%22Pizza+pugliese%22
  55. ↑ http://www.wisegeek.org/what-is-sicilian-pizza.htm
  56. ↑ https://books.google.com/books?id=PyNb-aKOlqAC&q=Sfincione&pg=PT55
  57. ↑ https://web.archive.org/web/20140402082228/http://bestofsicily.com/mag/art250.htm
  58. ↑ http://www.agrodolce.it/2014/04/03/torino-la-riscoperta-della-pizza-al-padellino/
  59. ↑ https://web.archive.org/web/20151210202900/http://www.gelapajo.it/pizza-al-padellino-che-cose/
  60. ↑ http://torino.repubblica.it/cronaca/2013/01/19/news/beniamino_il_profeta_della_pizza_gourmet-50867170/?refresh_ce
  61. ↑ https://books.google.com/books?id=btN9Lh8v3OQC&q=New+York-style+pizza&pg=PA256
  62. ↑ https://www.thedailybeast.com/is-americas-pizza-capital-buffalo-new-york
  63. ↑ https://web.archive.org/web/20131019184509/http://cuip.uchicago.edu/wit/99/teams/pizza/pizzastory.htm
  64. ↑ https://www.ars.usda.gov/SP2UserFiles/Place/12355000/pdf/DBrief/11_consumption_of_pizza_0710.pdf
  65. ↑ https://books.google.com/books?id=uax8dwX9gIwC&pg=PA40
  66. ↑ Pizzerías de valor patrimonial de Buenos Aires (2008), p. 11
  67. ↑ https://www.saveur.com/buenos-aires-pizza-guide/
  68. ↑ https://www.clarin.com/gourmet/reivindicacion-pizza-molde-argentina_0_xiem20omX.html
  69. ↑ https://www.tapasmagazine.es/buenos-aires-la-ciudad-de-la-pizza/
  70. ↑ 70.0 70.1 70.2 https://www.clarin.com/entremujeres/bienestar/napoles-argentina-historia-pizza-llego-emblema-nacional_0_y6rkpAMtG.html
  71. ↑ 71.0 71.1 https://www.lanacion.com.ar/sociedad/la-historia-de-la-pizza-argentina-de-donde-salio-la-media-masa-nid2036460/
  72. ↑ 72.0 72.1 https://www.clarin.com/gourmet/pizza-piedra-vs-pizza-molde-estilos-dividen-argentinos_0_fRKZJsDcfK.html
  73. ↑ https://www.clarin.com/espectaculos/angelin-cumple-80-anos-mitos-verdades-pizzeria-indispensable_0_TNCM6gY3F.html
  74. ↑ 74.0 74.1 https://www.diariodemocracia.com/locales/junin/95363-seis-variedades-clasicas-pizzas-supieron-trascende/
  75. ↑ https://www.bbc.com/travel/article/20220509-fain-buenos-aires-unusual-pizza-topping
  76. ↑ http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/largest-pizza
  77. ↑ https://web.archive.org/web/20181019054556/http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/longest-pizza
  78. ↑ http://www.lanzadigital.com/provincia/tomelloso-consigue-batir-el-record-guinnes-de-la-pizza-mas-larga-del-mundo
  79. ↑ https://web.archive.org/web/20211106194349/https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/most-expensive-pizza
  80. ↑ http://hauteliving.com/2010/03/top-five-most-expensive-pizzas-in-the-world/29487/
  81. ↑ http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/scotland/glasgow_and_west/6358595.stm?ls
  82. ↑ https://web.archive.org/web/20190403171801/https://fdc.nal.usda.gov/fdc-app.html#/food-details/173292/nutrients
  83. ↑ https://web.archive.org/web/20051228212200/http://www.food.gov.uk/science/surveillance/fsis2004branch/fsis5804
  84. ↑ https://web.archive.org/web/20090115140402/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/health/7050585.stm
  85. ↑ https://books.google.com.gh/books?id=RZbDBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA260&redir_esc=y
  86. ↑ https://web.archive.org/web/20061016090551/http://www.fornobravo.com/brick_oven_cooking/brick_oven_recipes/flatbread/cecina.html
  87. ↑ Helga Rosemann, Flammkuchen: Ein Streifzug durch das Land der Flammkuchen mit vielen Rezepten und Anregungen (Offenbach: Höma-Verlag, 2009).
  88. ↑ https://web.archive.org/web/20161217165743/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/pizza-war-breaks-out-between-turkey-and-armenia-a7383471.html
  89. ↑ https://web.archive.org/web/20160505032637/https://books.google.com/books?id=HKI_BAAAQBAJ&pg=PA67
  90. ↑ https://web.archive.org/web/20160427000932/https://books.google.com/books?id=VFmVuSOK_WMC&pg=PA53
  91. ↑ https://web.archive.org/web/20160506170635/https://books.google.com/books?id=j0OhhwsMf5cC&pg=PA130
  92. ↑ https://web.archive.org/web/20160521024956/https://books.google.com/books?id=ebEhNeeuDHcC&pg=PA27
  93. ↑ http://www.hanamiweb.com/okonomiyaki.html
  94. ↑ https://search.worldcat.org/title/61748426
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