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Koɔbo

daare ane donne zu kaa ka a yi tɔna

Koɔbo e la Dagaaba garegare di yelkpoŋ kaŋa. A e la ferebo ka ka fõõ wa voorɔ a e Dagao eŋ, fo toma la koɔbo, gaŋ azaa dɔɔ. Sɛre ka fo nu na tõɔ do fo noɔre see ka fo kɔ a nyɛ boŋ kaŋa.

Koɔbo
economic activity
Aŋa yitaalombileKoɔbo Maale eŋ
Part ofKoɔbo Maale eŋ
Facet offarm Maale eŋ
Practiced byfarmer Maale eŋ

Koɔbo parɛɛ e la ayi; ka ana la bondirii koɔbo ane donne guoluu. A bondirii mine la; kyi, kamaana, bɛŋɛ, waare, simie, seŋkãã, nanyie/daŋkele, fɛrɛɛ/waferɛɛ, saaloŋ, samaane, kommie, bɔlɔ, ane a taa mine.

boŋguolii mine meŋ la; boore, noore, peere, nii, dobaare, biriyuo/dabodabo/bɔbɔe, naŋmama, kolikoli, soɔne, ameŋ ne a taa mine.

Koɔbo e la boŋkoɔre ane bonguuli, kõɔ poɔ bonguuli ane teere naŋ korɔ noba bondirii ane mine kaŋa.[1] Koɔbo da la yelkpoŋ kaŋa naŋ koro noba bondirii a maŋ vɛŋ ka noba tona dire boma kyɛ tona kpeɛre a tembɛrɛ poɔ. Nensaaleba naŋ piili koɔrɔ boma a yuomo 105,000 naŋ pare kyɛ ka bompaaba mine meŋ leɛ wa poɔ a yuomo 11,500 poɔ. Peere, boore, dobaare ane nii guuluu da a yuomo 10,000 naŋ tɔle poɔ. Ba da koɔrɔ la teere yoŋ a 10 irigyin a tendaa zaa. A 20 th dakoroŋ na boŋkoɔre gyamaa noba naŋ ko zikpomo da e la boŋkoɔre boŋyeni yoŋ la da pure yaga.

A yuoni 2021 poɔ, wɛbilii da nyɛ la a bondirii a yi ata kyɛ wɛbɛrɛ la nyɛ yaga.[2] A wɛkpoŋ soba 1% koo zaa poɔ a teŋɛ zaa e la kpoŋ gaŋ 50 hectare (120 ekare) a tɔna gaŋ 70% koŋ l zaa poɔ a teŋɛ zaa wɛkɔɔre. [2] Feelɛ 40% koo zaa poɔ koɔbo zie waa la bɛrɛ gaŋ 1,000 hectare (2500 ekare). Ama, sɛre l anuu wɛre ayoɔbo poɔ a teŋɛ e la fee gaŋ 2 hectares (4.9 ekare) kyɛ de 12% koo zaa poɔ koɔbo ziiri

Wɛrre ane koɔbo la maŋ wullu kuri bondaanoo maŋ maale a kuri gyamaa, ka a fɛrɛ a koɔbo daadaa ane a tenne boŋi bonkɔɔre yɛlɛ naŋ sonnɔ a wɛrre ane koɔrebo.

A koɔbo kpoŋ na baŋ poŋ eŋ la zagere, bondirii, pɛmɛ, patorol ane bommaale mine (ka a mine la ɔrɔɔba). Bondirii la bombie teseŋ, zɛvaare, tewɔmmɔ, bondi-kãã, nɛne, biroŋ, gyɛlɛ, ane fungi. A tendaazaa koɔbo bommaalee na baŋ ta la 11 miliyɔɔ bondirii, [3] 32 miliyɔɔ pɛmɛ bee mie,[4] 4 biliyɔɔ ne 3 daabɔɔre.[5] Ama, 14% koo zaa poɔ maŋ bɔre la ansana ka a tara a kɔɔrɔɔ zie.[6]

Pampana agronomy, teere guuluu, koɔbo-tēēne ka mine la tẽɛ ba na maŋ de mire bonvobo ane anaŋ ba na maŋ de eŋ bonkɔɔre poɔ ka technology baabo vɛŋ ka bonkɔɔre maala kyɛ paa maŋ vɛŋ ka a bonvobo na naŋ be a teŋɛ ane o ziire saana. Bonguulu mine ba naŋ iri pampana meŋ vɛŋ ka nɛne meŋ nyaabo e mɔlɔ kyɛ paa yele yɛlɛ kyaare ne dɔne laafeeloŋ ane a teŋɛ saamo. Teŋgane yɛlɛ a lane kilaamati kyilluu, zie nyegebo, teere kyeɛbo noba ziekpeɛre ane koɔbo yɛlɛ mine naŋ saana a zie. Koɔbo e la yelwonnaa koŋ a zie saamo ane climate kyilluu, a maŋ zaa na vɛŋ ka bonkɔɔre ba maala. Genetically pampana maaluu bonvoba la ka ba maŋ maale, ane a saa ka tenne mine ba sagara a lɛ.

Muni ane zikɔlageraa

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A yelbiri koɔbo, e la Middle Bɔrefɔ pɛmmo a yi a Latin agriclūra a yi ager 'filed ane cultūra ' bonkɔɔre ' bee growing'.[7] Kyɛ ka koɔbɔ maŋ e gbɛɛ yaga noba yel-erre, nyirii mine,[8][9] kpolo ane beetle kɔ la koɔbo te yuomo 60 miliyɔn.[10] Koɔbo mannoo e la gyamaa a yi teŋɔɛ boma eŋ ka ba de maale ne boma naŋ korɔ noba nyɔvore, a lanne pɛmɛ, kɔɔlo, dakoroŋ bonkɔɔre, ane a tɔntɔnne.[11] A mannoo wuli ka arabel koɔbo, dakoroŋ koɔbɔ ane kɔɔlɔ koɔbo meŋ zaa poɔɛ la.[11] O meŋ na baŋ po eŋ la teere koɔbo, naŋ kyaare teere naŋ taa tɔna koɔbo,[12] ane donne guoluu, donne guoluu zu kaabo.[13]

Yelkorɔ

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Atekele meŋɛ: koɔbo yelkorɔ

Yizie

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vavilov-centers updated. jpg[14][15]

Koɔbo baabo la sonno nensaalba yɛlluu ka ba yaga gaŋ nankpaanoo ane lantaa.[16] Koɔbo piili la o meŋɛ tɔɔraa lɛ a yi ziire gyamaa a tendaazaa[17] a lanne bonkɔ tɛɛtɛɛ a yi a 11 tenne koɔbo tɛɛtɛɛloŋ.[14] Wild grain la ka ba da koɔrɔ kyɛ dere a gyamaa a yi yuomo 105,00 naŋ tɔle.[18] A Paleolithic Levant, 23,000 yuomo naŋ tɔle, bonkoɔre a emmer, barley ane aots la ka ba na baŋ nyɛ a mane a peɛle a Galilee.[19][20] Mui da yi la China a yi yuomo 11500 te ta yuomo 6200 BC kyɛ ka piiluu koɔbo piili a yuoni 5700 BC,[21] ka mung tooro, soy ane azuki bɛŋɛ.

Peere da e yiri donne a Mesopotamia a yuoni 13000 ane a yuoni 11000 naŋ tɔle.[22] Nii meŋ da e la yiri donne a yi a wild aurochs a pampana Turkey ane Pakistan paaloŋ 10500 yuomo mine naŋ tɔle.[23] Dobaare guuluu piili la Eurasia, lanne a Europe , East Asia ane Southwest Asia,[24] be ka wild boar dɛndɛŋ soba da piili ba yie poore a 10500 yuomo naŋ tɔle.[25] South America gbuli poɔ, daŋkele koɔbo da piili la a yuomo 10,000 ane 7,000 naŋ tɔle vuo poɔ, ane bɛŋɛ, coca, llamas, alpacas, ane guinea pigs. Sakanda ane zɛvaare nyɛɛma (gyɛnle bee zama, daŋkele ane a mine kaŋa) da piili la New Guinea poɔ yuomo 9,000 naŋ tɔle eŋɛ. Kyi tɔgema "Sorghum" da piili la Africa Sahel irigyiŋ poɔ yuomo 7,000 naŋ tɔle. Goni koɔbo da piili la Peru poɔ yuomo 5,600 naŋ tɔle poɔ,[26] a da nyɛ koɔbo sommeŋɛ Eurasia poɔ. A Mesoamerica poɔ, ba da maŋ guoli la wild teosinte ka a leɛ kamaana a yi a yuomo 100000 te ta a yuomo 6000 naŋ tɔle.[27][28][29] Bontaane guoluu da piili la Eurasian Steppes a yi a yuomo 3500 BC poɔ.[30] Ganzanneba tere la sobie yaga na manne koɔbo dabaŋkoroŋ yizie muni. A kyilluu zannoo a yi nankpaanoo te ta koɔbo scientists yeli ka wagere a naŋ baara la wulu a koɔbo yagroŋ a yi a Natufian yipɔge a Levant ane a Early Chinese Neolithic a China poɔ. Karen wild are a wagere na ka ba koɔrɔ a piili ne teere, a paa wa te daa yiri bongulu.[31][32][33]

Pampana Yele

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koɔbo piili ziiri ane o e lɛ yaareA donɛɛ Map naŋ wulo koɔbo yiziiri ane o e lɛ yaare dabaŋkoroŋ.[34]DNA studies have shown that agriculture was introduced in Europe by the expansion of the early farmers from Anatolia about 9,000 years ago.[35]

A Eurasia poɔ, a Sumerians da piili la a kpeɛre kuri poɔ a yi a 8,00 BC yuoni naŋ tɔle a dɛle a Tigri ane a Euphrates bare ane buli ba naŋ tu. Ploughs da saa la a yuoni 3000 BC poɔ; ploughs bie a yuoni 2200 BC poɔ. Koɔreboda koɔrɔ la wheat, barley zɛvaare ka ana la lentils ane gyanlee, ane tewɔmɔ a lane dates, grapes ane figs.[36] Egyptian dakoroŋ na koɔbo yɛlɛ be la Nile River ane o sẽɛ koɔbo kompeɛre. Koɔbo piili a predynastic wagere na a Paleolithic baaroo poɔ, a yuoni 10000 BC puoriŋ . Ba da koɔrɔ la bondirii mine meŋ aŋa wheat ane barley, ane yɛroŋ teere mine ka a mine la flax ane papyrus.[37][38] lndia poɔ, wheat, barley ane jujube da e yiri bonkoɔre a yuoni 9,000 BC poɔ ka peere ane boore tuuro.[39] Nii, peere ane bɔɔre da e yiri boŋguoli a Mehrgarl yipɔge poɔ a yuoni 8,000 te ta a yuoni 6,000 BC .[40][41][42]

Ba da koɔrɔ la goni a yuoni 5th-4th millennium BC wagere. [43] Archeological yelmannoo wulu ka donne ta plough a yi a yuoni 2,500 BC a Indus Valley wagere na.[44]

A China poɔ, a yi a 5 th dakoroŋ na BC, ba da waa la a teŋɛ zaa koɔbo ka ba da koɔrɔ granary ane silk.[45] Kõɔ tugebu la ka da erɛ a 1St dakoroŋ BC na,[46] ka uoni koɔbo tu.[47] A 2th dakoroŋ na naŋ da wa tara, plough tegerɛ da maalee la ane kuri ploughshare ane mouldboards.[48][49] Ba da yaare la kõɔ a Eurasian zaa.[50] Asian Mui da e yiri bonkɔɔre a yuoni 8,200- 13500 naŋ tɔle a naŋ paa yi la a molecular seŋ la ba maŋ de maale ne[51] - Pearl River a southern China ane genetic boŋyeni a yi a wild mui oryza rufipogon. [52] A Greece ane a Rome poɔ, a bonkɔɔre kpoŋ zaa la wheat, emmer, ane barley a paa de ne zɛvaare lane peas, bɛŋɛ, ane olives. Ba da guolo la Peere ne boore nɔndaari maaloo yɛlɛ.[53][54]

 
Agricultural scenes of threshing, a grain store, harvesting with sickles, digging, tree-cutting and ploughing from ancient Egypt. Tomb of Nakht, 15th century BC

A American poɔ, yiri bonkɔɔre be la Mesoamerica (a yi teosinte puoriŋ) a lane squash bɛŋɛ,ane cacao.[55] Cacao da be la be a yi Mayo Chinchioe a Upper Amazon zie na a yuoni 3000 BC wagere na.[56] A turkey meŋ da e la yiri boŋkoɔre mine a Mexico bee a American Southwest.[57] A Aztecs da maale koɔ bontuguri, koɔbo lɔɛ kuuluŋ ane a tenɛɛ, kyɛ la maale chiampas bee island naŋ e nensaala maaloo. A Mayas maŋ de canal kpeɛne ane raised field a kɔ ne swampland a yi a yuoni 400 BC.[58][59][60][61][62] A south America koɔbo da baŋ piili la a yuoni 9,000 BC ane squash ( cucurbita) ane teere.[63] Cacao da e la yiri boŋkoɔre a Andes a ŋa peanut, kɔmbie, tobo, ane pineapple.[55] Goni meŋ da e la a yiri boŋkoɔre mine a Peru a yuoni 3,600 BC wagere na.[64] Donne aŋa llamas, alpacas ane dobaare meŋ da e la a yiri boŋguuli mine a be.[65] A North America poɔ a noba menne naŋ yi a East meŋ da koɔrɔ la yiri boma ŋa mine, ka ana la sunflower, tobo,[66] squash ane Chenopodium.[67][68] Wild bondirii meŋ lane mui ane maple sikiri meŋ ka ba da maŋ kɔ.[69] Ba maŋ kɔ la strawberry e la Chilean ane a North American boŋkoɔre mine naŋ piili a Europe ane a North America.[70] Noba naŋ yi America kpeɛrɛ o Southwest ane a Pacific Northwest la koɔrɔ wɛgyaŋ ane vaale vaala nyege kyɛ kɔ. A yideme maŋ gu la a vũũ irigyinal vuoŋ na gu a teŋɛ bonvoe naŋ maŋ koolo a teŋgane korɔ koɔreba ziyeni yuoni zaa bontɛɛtɛɛ koɔbo eŋɛ; aŋa maa meŋɛ kaa saase ne boŋkoraa naŋ na soma ane boŋkoɔre naŋ na koolo a saase meŋ koɔbo.[71][72][73][74] Bore lantaa tuuruŋ ba naŋ boɔlɔ Kpeɛmine Bata da baa la North America poɔ. A boŋkoɔre ata ŋa la bɔlɔ yideme (aseŋ niiri, bɔlɔ, sara ane a mine kaŋa), kamaana, ane bɛndaduori.[75][76]

Australians menne da seŋ ka ba taa bonguuli nankpaanoo, a nyegerɛ zie feefee ka na soŋ ka vuudaare koɔbo gɛrɛ nimitɔɔre.[77] Banneba nyɛɛ la ka nankpaanoo boɔrɔ la zie naŋ taa tɔna ka o toɔ soŋ ka ba nyɔgero donne ka ba ba nyege a zie. Bonso a New Guinea wɛgaŋ taa la bondirii teere fee, a saŋa na noba da maŋ kaara la kyɛ nyegere a zie ka a na vɛŋ ka ba nyɛ boma gyamaa, a karuka tewɔmɔ teere ka a soŋ a naŋkpaanoo nyɔvore yɛlɛ.[78]

A Gunditjmara ane a ba taaba na la maale eel koɔbo ane zommo nyɔgebo yɛlɛ a yuoni 5,000 naŋ tɔle.[79] Yelminnoo bebe ka a yaare la a tedaazaa a wagere na.[80] A irigyin ayi a Australia poɔ, a central west coast ane a eastern central poɔ saga na kɔrebɔ da maŋ ko la waare, kyi, ane wɛgyɛnlee ba zizeŋ baaraa.[33][81]

Yel-leɛ-kaare
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Agricultural calendar, c. 1470, from a manuscript of Pietro de Crescenzi

Koɔbo bebie wulluu, c. 1470, naŋ yi manuskript ko Pietro de Crescenzi

A yuoni sɔga poɔ, de manne taa neŋ Roman saŋa, koɔbo a Western Europe la maale taa la nimizeeloŋ kyaare meŋɛ-tonsemmo. A koɔbo yagroŋ a saŋa ko feudalism da nyɛ la maaloo yineŋ fēēfēē naŋ taa kɔɔ bee gaŋ a lɛ tensɔgɔ ekare naŋ da yi a manor a Kiritori ŋmendieŋ ane faara.[82]

Bareka neŋ a leɛtaaloŋ neŋ a Al-Andalus be a Arab koɔbo leɛmaaloo naŋ da be, European koɔbo naŋ da leɛre, neŋ gɔɔloŋ mine ane maaloo mime ko tere mine, te paale ne Sikiri piiluu, mui, gɔnne ane tewɔnne (teseŋ Aŋkaa).[83]

A yi a yuoni 1492, a Columbian leɛtaaloŋ da wanne la yelpaala ko a tendaa bonkoɔre teseŋ kamaana, kɔmbie, nyanyue, ane manioc ko Europe, ane teŋkori boŋkoɔre teseŋ, wheat, barley, mui, ane turnips, neŋ doŋguoli (te paale wiri, nii, pere ane boore) ko  a Americas.[84]

Uoni koɔbo, koɔbo leɛroo, ane duoloŋ nimitɔɔre gaabo yi a 17th dakoroŋ na a British koɔbo leɛ maaloo, naŋ sagera global yagroŋ duoruu. Yi a yuoni1900 poɔ, koɔbo a tembɛrɛ poore, ane fēē lɛ te ko a tendaa baare meŋ, nyɛ la baabo yaga ne maaloo yi l maaloo naŋ leɛre nensaal-tontonnɔ, kyɛ nyɛ sommo neŋ kuoloŋ, muo tēēne, ane doŋguole mine. A Haber-Bosch vɛŋ la a kuoloŋ maŋ taa tegroŋ, a maŋ vɛŋ a boŋkoɔre baara wieouŋ kyɛ maŋ vɛŋ tendaa zaa nimitɔɔre yagroŋ baabo.[85][86]

Pampana koɔbo do la saa bee nyɛ la ekologikal, paati paati, ane daa yele teseŋ koɔŋ sammo, patorol, gbɛɛ yaga naŋ maŋ taa donne, zuyɔɔ ane koɔo zuyɔɔre, na maŋ vɛŋ yele yaga erɛ teseŋ a donne kuoloŋ.[87][88] A North America yi la a Dust Bowl a yuoni 1930s poɔ.[89]

Parɛɛ

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Reindeer herds form the basis of pastoral agriculture for several Arctic and Subarctic peoples
 
Harvesting wheat with a combine harvester accompanied by a tractor and trailer

Donne guuluu e la yiri poɔ donne kaabo. A yiri donne guuluu ŋa e la done ba naŋ maŋ de yi ne ziire a gaa ne ziire mine ka ba mɔveele bondirii ane kõɔ ko a donne. A koɔbo ŋa taaba koɔrɔ la a arid ane a semi- arid irigyin a Sahara, Central Asia ane a India ziire mine.[90]

 
Spreading manure by hand in Zambia

Koɔbo tɛɛtɛɛ poɔ, wɛgaŋ bele maŋ maale ka ba kyeɛrɛ a teere kyɛ nyegerɛ a zie. A zie ba naŋ maale, ba maŋ ko la bonkɔɔre yuomo fee lɛ kyɛ kaa ka a tɛne ba la taa kõõloŋ, ka ba daa a zie bare. Ba maŋ la kaa la a zie kaŋa a la piili erɛ a lɛ. A koɔbo ŋa tɔ koɔrɔ la zie na saa naŋ miiri yaga ka a wɛgaŋ maŋ maale weõ , a koɔbo ŋa koɔrɔ la a Northeast India, Southeast Asia, ane a Amazon Basin poɔ.[91]

A koɔbo nimizeɛ ama koɔrɔ la ka soŋ yideme ane noba naŋ kpeɛrɛ ne ba yoŋ, kyɛ kyɛre fee a de gaa ne ziire mine. Zoe na a yɛlɛ ama naŋ erɛ paa a Monsoon Asia ane South-East Asia.[92] Mannoo poɔ, 2.5 billion koɔrebo la kɔ a yuoni 2018 poɔ, a kɔ 60% koo zaa poɔ a tengbaŋ.[93]

Koɔbɔ kpoŋ maŋ ko la ka ba vɛŋ ka bondere waa yaga ka dire kyɛ nyɛrɛ libie meŋ( kõɔ, kuuluŋ, pesticide ane automation.). A koɔbo ŋa tɔ maŋ ko tembɛrɛ poɔ.[94][95]

Yuoni Yuoni koɔbo

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Nyaabo

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A yi a 20th dakoroŋ na kyɛ gɛrɛ koɔbo kpoŋ la da maala bonkɔɔre gyamaa. O leɛre na kuuluŋ ane bonvobo teenɛɛ zu ko tontomba, kyɛ ka la vɛŋ ka kõɔ sammo la maaleŋ duzaa, kyɛ ka maŋ taa koɔbo ŋmaa baroo. Tenɛ sammo ane baaloŋ aseŋ stem rust la a yelkpoŋ a tendaazaa; gbɛɛyaga 40% koo zaa poɔ zaɛ la nimizeɛ zaa

A pampana ŋa ba yele la yɛlɛ kyaare ne a teŋgbaŋ yɛlɛ a yi koɔbo baabo yɛlɛ. Yelkpoŋ kyaare ne a yele ŋa la a e la Euopean Union dede naŋ koro bondirii a yuoni 1991 poɔ kyɛ la piili a Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) a yuoni 2005 poɔ a yi bonkɔɔre naŋ lantaa ka boɔlɔ o meŋ decoupling.

A koɔbo basbo peɛroo nyɛ la technology yubo ka a mine la integrated pest management, kaairibu guuluu, ane teŋgane kaabo koɔbo.

Noba yele la yɛlɛ kyaare ne koɔbo ane o tɔna ko a tendaazaa bondirii kaabo.

A yuoni 2015 naŋ wa tara zaa, ka China deme koɔbo da la a kpoŋ a tendaazaa, ka European Union tooro, ka India ane a United States tooro. Dadirebe nyɛɛ la ka a koɔbo zaa a United States poɔ e la 1.7 yagroŋ gaŋ a 1948 yuoni wagere na.

Koɔbo ko la noba gyamaa toma aŋa 873 miliyɔɔ noba a yuoni 2021 bee 27% koo zaa poɔ a tendaazaa toma, ka foo na manne a 1 027 miliyɔɔ ( bee 40% koo za poɔ) a yuoni 2000 poɔ. A koɔbo toma a tendaazaa GPD da e 4% koo zaa poɔ a yi a yuoni 2000 te ta a yuoni 2023 poɔ.

Ane zaa ka baaloŋ bebe Koɔbo poɔ ka boma maaluu ta 702 ane 828 miliyɔɔ noba la ka koŋ da woŋ a yuoni 2021 poɔ. Bondirii ba kyaabo ane bondirii naŋ ba sommo da baŋ wa ne la zɔɔre. A meŋ na baŋ e a teŋɛ yɛlɛ maaloo zuiŋ ka ana la ba libie yɛlɛ ane teŋɛ ŋmenekyɔɔtaare ane paati da di yɛlɛ.

Tee ba na maŋ de mirɛ ne bonvobo daa da do ta 62% koo zaa poɔ a yi a yuoni 200 ane a yuoni 2021 soga, ka Americans la dere a yaga zaa a yuoni 2021 poɔ.

A International Fund ko a Agricultural Development yeli ka noba meŋ naŋ leɛ koɔrɔ bonfee me na baŋ poɔ la ka bondirii daa ane a bondirii zaa kaabo yɛlɛ, ka yɛlɛ naŋ na baŋ so a Vietnam.T

Meŋ la nyɛ: koɔbo Toma

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Koɔbo la maŋ ko a noba one-quarter a teŋɛ zaa toma, ka ba naŋ poŋ a sub- Saharan noba a Africa poɔ e la koɔrebo naŋ maŋ ba nyɛ libie yaga a teŋɛ poɔ. A tenne naŋ baara, toma mine meŋ nyɔge la noba yi ne koɔbo poɔ ka technology meŋ tona a toma yaga zie ka lɛ vɛŋ ka noba ba e yaga kyɛ ka ba koɔrɔ bongyamaa.

A ta ŋaa, tontomba ane a boma ba naŋ boɔrɔ zuiŋ ba poŋ la noba a toma poɔ a koɔbo poɔ. A 16th dakoroŋ na a Europe poɔ a yi a55% ne 75% koo zaa poɔ noba da e la koɔrebo ; kyɛ a 19th dakoroŋ naŋ wa tara zaa ka ŋaa leɛ sigi te ta 10% koo zaa poɔ. A 21th dakoroŋ na noba one billion la da nyɛ toma a koɔbo poɔ.

A ŋaa vɛŋɛɛ ka 70% koo zaa bibiiri toma a tendaazaa kyɛ ka tenne mine ka ba yaga zie e pɔgeba a tona a industry poɔ. A service zie de la a noba gyamaa gaŋ a koɔbo zie a yuoni 2007 poɔ.

Tembɛrɛ mine poɔ, saama maŋ vɛŋ la soŋ paale poɔ a koɔbo tontomba naŋ ba kyɛbe ka la maŋ vɛŋ ka e tuo ko ba. Koɔbo saama tontomba maŋ e la gbɛɛyaga a Eastern Europe, North Africa ane a South Asia la maŋ a sanyɔɔ yaga a koɔbo toma poɔ a Spain, Italy, Greece ane a Portugal a yuoni 2013 poɔ. A United States of America poɔ, ka ba naŋ poŋ sentaa a gboŋ zie naŋ e koɔregandaare (roughly 450,000 tontomba ) saama a yuoni 2019 poɔ,ane a zaa ka noba fee naŋ e saama wa ka ba toŋ Koɔbo toma siŋɛɛ la ne 75% koo zaa poɔ a pampana ŋa ka a lɛ vɛŋ ka koɔbo tontomba ba e yaga a U.S wɛre poɔ.

Toma Kpeõ

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Pɔgeba koɔbo poɔ

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A tendaazaa poɔ, pɔgeba la gyamaa koɔbo toma poɔ. A pommo ŋa baara la tembɛrɛ poɔ kyɛ te kyɛre East ane a Southeast Asia be ka pɔgeba ta 50% koo zaa poɔ koɔbo poɔ. Pɔgeba naŋ ta 47% koo zaa poɔ naŋ be a koɔbo toma poɔ a sub-Saharan African poɔ baabo naŋ ba kyille yuomo naŋ tɔle . Ama, a Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) yeli ka pɔgeba toma koɔbo na baŋ kyille la aseŋ,ba naŋ na maŋ ko fee lɛ ane ba naŋ na maŋ ko yaga lɛ toma ane ba naŋ da maŋ ko ka ba yideme di na maŋ leɛ ko la kɔɔre a yi dɔba naŋ ba yɔɔrɔ ziire zuiŋ.

Gbɛɛyaga, pɔgeba la yaga koɔbo toma poɔ ka l sonno a teŋɛ baabo fee a ŋa gane zannoo naŋ ba e yaga, ziire naŋ ba e yaga, ane dare naŋ ba e yaga zuiŋ noba ba naŋ ba tuono yɔɔ ba sanyɔɔ ane toma naŋ ba nyɛrɛ a tembilii poɔ yi koɔbo puoriŋ yɛlɛ yaga la vɛŋ ka pɔgeba ba be koɔbo poɔ.

Pɔgeba naŋ be koɔbo poɔ maŋ tona la toma zie naŋ ba sommo poɔ. Ba bammo zaa maŋ be tenne na naŋ ba taa a eebo poɔ be la yɛlɛ yaga bakyɛbe ka ba naŋ be ba koɔbo poɔ ane a zaa ka zie ba maŋ sommo ane zɔɔre wagere. Pɔgeba yaga zie maŋ e la dadirebe ane koɔbo ka ba maŋ kɔ boma naŋ na koro ba libie.

A vuo ko a pɔgeba ne dɔba koɔbo poɔ e la 24% koo zaa poɔ. Pɔgeba maŋ nyɛ la libie ta 18.4% koo zaa poɔ gaŋ dɔba toma koɔbo poɔ,a ŋaa wuli ka pɔgeba maŋ nyɛ la 84% koo zaa poɔ dollar boŋyeni zaa gaŋ dɔba. Nimitɔɔre gaabo e la fee la ka ba na pɔge a vuo na pɔgeba naŋ koɔrɔ kyɛ guulu meŋ.

Pɔgeba koɔbo poɔ naŋ taa a nyɛɛbo fee gaŋ dɔba a lanne bombie, kuuluŋ, ane mansimɛ ba naŋ maŋ de kɔɔre ne. A yelsoŋ la, a dɔba ne a pɔgeba vuo na be nyɛ la tagaraa zu a tenne naŋ ba taa libie ane anaŋ naŋ be a zaa soga sigi a yi 25% ko zaa poɔ te ta 16% koo za poɔ a yi a yuoni 2017 te ta a yuoni 2021 ka a dɔba ne a pɔgeba vuo a baŋ nyɛ baŋkye libie poɔ, a yi 9% te ta 6% koo zaa poɔ. Pɔge na baŋ de la yelbaaba poɔ gaŋ dɔba ka yɛlɛ wa kyɛnɛ soŋ ka ba zaa taa a boma ka sentaa.

Laafeeloŋ

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Koɔbo gaŋ a zaa bondirii naŋ waa toma zie naŋ taa faaloŋ,ka koɔrebo a tendaazaa be wahala poɔ ane toma perɛ, sobo baaloŋ, nyɔbogo baaloŋ,Tobo ba womo, engane baaloŋ, ane cancers mine naŋ yi a teefaare ba naŋ de vɛŋ ka ŋmenaa bebe kɔɔre.

Bonkɔɔre koɔbo poɔ, perɛ maŋ yi la a masimɛ ba naŋ maŋ de tona ne a toma, a tembɛrɛ la maŋ de a tona ne ba toma. Teenɛɛ ba naŋ maŋ de kooro ne bonvobo koɔbo poɔ na baŋ taa lafaaloŋ ko a kɔɔraa, koɔrebo naŋ be a toma ŋa poɔ na baŋ nyɛ la baaloŋ mine bee a dɔge bibiiri naŋ ba tɔri.

A ŋa toma zie ba naŋ mili ba maŋ poŋ la a toma kyɛ kpeɛre a wɛre poɔ, a yiri deme zaa na baŋ be la wahala poɔ,baaloŋ ane kuu. A yi yuomo 0-6 naŋ ba waa la meŋɛ boɔbo yagroŋ a Koɔbo poɔ, baaloŋ gɔroŋ maŋ e noba naŋ naŋ be a koɔbo ka a ba kɔɔre a lanne drowning masimɛ ane motori leebo ane a terrain bonzɔree zaa.

A tenne mine tontonneba kpaaroŋ nyɛɛ la ka koɔbo la a toma zie na naŋ taa faaloŋ yaga. Nyɛɛbo ba yɛlɛ ka a yuoni zaa kuunɛɛ maŋ e koɔbo tontomba aŋa 170,000 bɔyi ka foo naane ne a toma ma mine. A waa na meŋ, kuunɛɛ ane noba naŋ nyɛ baaloŋ yi Koɔbo poɔ zaa naane ka ba maŋ baŋ. A noba ŋa maale a laafeeloŋ ane emmaaroŋ naŋ be a koɔbo, a yuoni 2001poɔ, naŋ pɔge lɛ noba naŋ maŋ nyɛ perɛ koɔbo poɔ, a meŋɛ baŋ taabo ŋa ane toma na neɛ zaa naŋ tona seŋ ka ba maŋ yɔɔ ba.

A United States poɔ, naŋ nyɛ koɔbo ka o e tomazie nimizeɛ gaŋ o taaba a as a tendaa tontonne ko peɛroo la nyɛ a toma ne o laafeeloŋ yɛlɛ. A European Union, a European noba naŋ kaara laafeeloŋ yɛlɛ tomaziiri manne la yɛlɛ na ba naŋ na erɛ ba toma laafeeloŋ yɛlɛ koɔbo, guulu, ane wɛgaŋ koɔbo. A koɔbo laafeeloŋ tontomba ba naŋ boɔlɔ Agricultural emmaaroŋ ane laafeeloŋ ko kansill a America (ASHCA) meŋ maŋ taa la yuoni gboli zaa lammo a maŋ mane ba laafeeloŋ yɛlɛ ko ba.

Maaloo

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Article meŋɛ: Tenne yoe ane ba GDP zie

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Meŋ la nyɛ: yelnimizeere mine, koɔbo leɛroŋ.

Largest countries by agricultural output (in nominal terms) according to IMF and CIA World Factbook, at peak level as of 2018
Largest countries by agricultural output according to UNCTAD at 2005 constant prices and exchange rates, 2015

Bonkɔɔre Maaloo Yɛlɛ

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Bonkɔɔre maŋ e la tɛɛtɛɛ a yi a wɛre zie a maŋ yi a tontomba naŋ bebe ane a teŋɛ waaloŋ:.gɔbenneti yelnyɔgere, a daa diibu yɛlɛ, ane paati paati yɛlɛ ane a koɔrebo teɛroŋ ane ba yipɔge.

Koɔbo tɛɛtɛɛ ( bee aslash ane burn) e la koɔbo kaŋa ba naŋ maŋ nyege a wɛgaŋ a nyɛ kuuluŋ a a toɔ soŋ ne yuoni kpole zaa bonkɔɔre ane anaŋ na ba maŋ ta yuoni, a ŋaa ka ba maŋ e yuomo awola zaa poɔ. A zie paa maŋ kyɛre la ka la guluu teere, kyɛ ka a koɔraa la gaa Ziyuo ka anaŋ wa ta yuomo (10-20). A wagere ŋa maŋ e la ŋmaa ka a noba wa yɛɛlɛ ka ba boɔrɔ a kuuluŋ ( naasaalaa kuuluŋ ane nensogelo meŋ kuuluŋ) ane yiri donne bene. A ŋaa maŋ boɔrɔ kuuluŋ gyamaa ane a koɔbo meŋ gyamaa.

Nimitɔɔre gaaboŋ la wane a koɔbo boŋyeni, ka neɛ maŋ ko ekare naŋ e yaga. A yi zie naŋ ba kyɛbe ka a donne na baara zuiŋ, kuuluŋ naŋ maŋ yi taa ane boma naŋ maŋ saana maŋ vɛŋ ka de a bonvobo teenɛɛ yaga zie ane a kuuluŋ. Koɔbo yaga ka ba maŋ ko boma,tɛɛtɛɛ a wagere boŋyeni na poɔ maŋ e la yuoni gboli ane boma ba naŋ maŋ bure lantaa a wɛyeni na poɔ ka ba boɔlɔ polycultures

A subtropical ane a arid laŋkpeɛbo, a wagere na ba naŋ maŋ ko na baŋ wuli la lɛ ba saa miibo naŋ waa, a na baŋ ba sagera yuoni gboli zaa koɔbo bee a boɔrɔ koɔnɛɛ tuubu. A ziire ama zaa perennial bonkɔɔre maŋ ko la a be ( coffee, chocolate ) a ŋaa erɛ la aŋa agroforestry. A ziire mine a koɔbo tɛɛtɛɛ naŋ e yaga teŋɛ bee prairie la ka ba maŋ ko yaga yuoni gboli zaa, a koɔbo ŋa la gore.

Bondirii parɛɛ a ŋa cereals, legumes, forage, tewomo ane zɛvaare. Ŋmene barebo boma mine aŋa include cotton, wool, hemp, silk and flax. Bonkɔɔre mine bal maŋ ko la irigyin gaŋ bal a tendaazaa. A koɔbo maŋ e la yaga a yi a FAO naŋ yeli.

Top agricultural products, by crop types

(million tonnes) 2004 data

Top agricultural products, by individual crops

(million tonnes) 2011 data

Bonvobo Guuluu Yɛlɛ

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Meŋ la nyɛ : Yiri donne yoe

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Donne guuluu e bonvobo guuluu naŋ koro noba nɛne, beroŋ, gyɛle bee wool ane toma ne zie gaa eŋɛ. Donne naŋ tona toma aŋa bonne, mules, oxen, water buffalo, bontane, llamas, alpacas,, ane baare, ba naŋ taa dakoroŋ da maŋ soŋ ka ba kɔ wɛre, a de boma kyɛ wrangle a donne mine a kyɛ bonkɔɔre mine gaa te ko daderebe.

Donne guuluu yɛlɛ na baŋ e a yi a bondirii zie a ŋa moɔ ɔɔbo, ane anaŋ naŋ dere bondirii kyɛ ɔɔrɔ a moɔ meŋ. A yuoni 2010 poɔ, 30% koo zaa poɔ a teŋɛ maaroŋ ane koɔ wɛɛlɛ ane ziewɛɛlɛ la ka ba da maŋ guuluu a donne, ka zie ko noba 1.3 biliyɔɔ toma. A yi a yuoni 1960 poɔ ane a yuoni 2000 poɔ, donne guuluu da baara la a gaŋ a zaa nii,dɔbaare,ane noore kyɛ ka tasoga ka la baare ne boma pie naŋ poɔ a ba e nɛmɛka a mine la nii beroŋ, gyɛlɛ maaloo, noore, meŋ nyɛ la yɛɛlɛɛ gyamaa ba koɔbo poɔ. A tendaazaa nii, peere, ane bɔɔre yagroŋ naŋ seŋ ka a baara a te a yuoni 2050 poɔ. Koɔbonguuli bee zomo koɔbo, a somo koɔbo ko nensaaleba diibu meŋ erɛ la, o e la a zie kaŋa naŋ baara yaga a ŋa 9 % koo zaa poɔ a yuoni 1975 te ta a yuoni 2007 poɔ.

A 20 th dakoroŋ na kyɛlɛɛ poɔ koɔrebo naŋ kaara iri la bonguuli la vɛŋ ka koɔbo la maaleŋ duoro saa kyɛ ka na kyɛlɛɛ ba la kaara baaloŋ lonne yɛlɛ. A yɛlɛ vɛŋ la ka baaloŋ lonne sigi kyɛ e bombo ko a ba maŋ naŋ guulu a boma gbɛɛyaga a maŋ be a ba naŋ guulu a local deme zie.

Teŋɛ naŋ taa moɔ bonguuli nimire tɔgele teere boma ka ama la shrubland, rangeland, ane moɔ ko donne na naŋ ɔɔrɔ a moɔ. A yi a bondirii puoriŋ, a bene meŋ na baŋ e la kuuluŋ ka a leɛ gaa a teŋɛ ka a guuluŋ meŋɛ. A yeli ŋa taa la tɔna ko ziire koɔbo yɛlɛ naŋ ba taa nimire ayi a sagama bee a tene naŋ are ko 30-40 miliyɔɔ bonvobo guulibu. Koɔbo pulitaa maŋ de la moɔ zie, fodder bonkɔɔre ane grain bonkɔɔre ka a e bondirii ko donne anaŋ naŋ ɔɔrɔ moɔ ane monogastric (pɔyeni ; a yaga zaa e la noore ane dɔbaare) bonguulu. Kuuluŋ e la boma baŋ naŋ de maale kuuluŋ ko bonkɔɔre.

Zikɔɔre naŋ ba kyɛbe maŋ kpemare bondirii naŋ yi koɔrebo zie naŋ areko a de-linking a bonkɔɔre ane a bonguuli naŋ e boŋkpeɛne ko a Organization ko a Economic Co-Synthetic kuuluŋ maŋ de la kpeɛmo zaa eŋ boŋguuli poɔ ane kuuluŋ poɔ bonso a yɛlɛ waa la kpeɛŋaa kyɛ ka noba meŋ yɛllɛ.Tenne naŋ e industralized maŋ de a maaloo na maale boma yaga ko a tendaazaa nɔnɛmɛ ane dɔbanɛmɛ. Scientists yeli ka 75% koo zaa poɔ naŋ guuluu noma be la yuoni 2003 te a yuoni 2030 poɔ na wa e la donne yoŋ guuluu. A yɛlɛ ŋa yaga zie erɛ la tenne naŋ baaraa poɔ a Asia, kyɛ ka fee meŋ baara a African poɔ. A yɛlɛ ŋa mine erɛ la bonguuli yaga poɔ lanne a growth hormones e kpeɛŋaa.

Maaloo yel-ere

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Duoro mine meŋ: Tillage, boŋkoɔre zileɛre, ane gaadiri koɔbo

Tillage e a teŋɛ ŋmɛroo ane boma mine a ŋa plow bee harrow ka maale a zie a ko, ka kuuluŋ bebe bee donne kaabo. Tillage taa la tɛɛtɛɛloŋ naŋ be tenne gyamaa a yi leɛroo ye eŋ no-till. O na baŋ vɛŋ la koɔbo maale ka ba naŋ vɛŋ ka tɛnne tule, a taa kuuluŋ kyɛ tuono dooro a mɔbilii kyɛ a maŋ baŋ vɛŋ ka a ba taa faga ka lɛ na vɛŋ ka koɔ baŋ woo a a vɛŋ ka bompoɔne ba la kyɛbe a vɛŋ ka koɔ ne tɛne faga sigibu.

Donfaare kaabo lane mɔbiliu, insects, mites, ane ebaaloŋ. Teekpeɛne (pesticides), biological (biocontrol), mechanical (tillage), ane cultural practices la ka ba maŋ de toŋ ne a toma . Yipɔge yelerree la crop rotation, culling, cover crops, intercropping, composting, avoidance, ane kpɛziiri.

Donfaare karebaroo maŋ boɔrɔ ka de a boma zaa a e kaa nyɛ. A ŋaa zaa maŋ vɛŋ ka donfaare ba la kyɛbe a vɛŋ ka a ta bonkɔɔre saamo kyɛ ka pesticides e ba yelbaaraa zie

Agricultural automation

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Mannoo tɛɛtɛɛ bebe kompiita koɔbo poɔ kyɛ taa a tontomba meŋ tɛɛtɛɛ ane a tɛkenologyi ba naŋ maŋ de erɛ ne ba kompiita koɔbo yɛlɛ. Neɛ kaŋa meŋ nyaaboŋ fo na baŋ yele ka kompiita koɔbo e la meŋɛ boɔbɔ ba naŋ maŋ robot ko ka neɛ naane. A la waana meŋ fo na baŋ yeli ka neɛ naŋ toɔ toŋ weɛ koɔbo toma a ne kompiitare. Ama, FAO nyɛɛ la ka a maanoo ŋa toɔ nyɔge a kompiita yelerree zaa a seŋ robot naŋ maala biroŋ masimo naŋ are ziyeni gbɛɛyaga a masimo ŋa la maŋ wulo a yɛlɛ ka,ba erɛ ane digital bonkɔɔre a( aseŋ sensors ) naŋ e a meŋɛ ba maŋ maale. FAO maane ka Koɔbo kompiitare e la neɛ naŋ de mansimo ane technology boma mine toŋ ne koɔbo toma ka a lɛ na vɛŋ ka ba bambo baara ane kyɛ ka a soŋ ba ne teɛroŋ sonne bee ba toma bee a wagere koɔbo poɔ.

A tɛknologyi poɔbo a koɔbo poɔ vɛŋ la ka noba bate noore bonkɔɔre kyɛ leɛ dere a donne bonkɔɔre ka a koɔrɔ, ane robots naŋ e nensaalaa maalooka a tona a toma yaga zie( AI). Mansimo na naŋ dere engemɛ la maŋ toŋ a koɔbo toma gyamaa ka a mine la falebo and boroo peɛbo.

Kompiitare meŋ leɛ e la a mansimo mine naŋ maŋ baŋ a koɔbo yɛlɛ. Aseŋ bonkɔɔre mine naŋ e a yoŋ robots na ba de la bonkɔɔre na naŋ taa bombie kyɛ ka drones a baŋ de duoro soŋ ne a koɔbo.Precision koɔbo na baŋ de a yɛlɛ ama taaba technology toŋ ne toma. Mansimo kaara daatoŋ duoro la bee a gba gaŋ a taa zaa, ane a mansimo paaba naŋ wa ne teɛroŋ sonne.

Leɛmaaloo maasumɛ baara ka maŋ toɔ soŋ ne donguuli, ane a zaa ka yelminoo ba kyɛbe. A tendaazaa meŋɛ maaloo boroo yɛlɛ koɔroo baara a yuomo awola ŋa zaa, kyɛ Northern Europe tenne meŋ dere la a yɛlɛ ŋa ba kyɛebe gaŋ a zaa tenne na naŋ ba taa libie ane anaŋ naŋ be a zaa soga poɔ. Maaloo ko bondirii mansimo ko a nii me a noore meŋ bebe, kyɛ yelpeɛre ane a yelmennoo diebo naŋ nyegere la.

Manne a toma a koɔbo maaloo yɛlɛ e la kpeɛŋaa bonso o maŋ boɔrɔ la bombɛrɛ naŋ na toɔnɔ terɛ duoro a ba kpaaroo naŋ maŋ leɛre a tontomba a baa saazu ane a baa puliŋ. Tɛknologyi maale maŋ vɛŋ ka noba waa fee lɛ a tona a toma kyɛ ka ba maŋ la bɔ tonyuobo ko ba mine meŋ ka a mine la tontomba baŋ taabo ane de toŋ ne toma.

Koɔbo maasumɛ maale meŋ na baŋ bɔ la toma a vɛŋ ka bomaale maala gyamaa kyɛ la boɔrɔ tona yaga ko agribondirii toma ko noba. A ŋaa vɛŋ la yelmeŋɛ ka anaŋ wa waana ne libie yaga tenne ane tenne ana naŋ be a zaa soga. A la waa na meŋ, ka forcedly wa taa toma gyamaa ka gɔbenneti wa sigiri bama daa ka kuri toma wa baare, a na baŋ wane tontomba leɛroo ane ba naŋ na ba nyɛrɛ sayɔɔ yaga a wono nembaaleba koɔrebo ane ba naŋ koɔre libifee. Ka trakta naŋ na seŋ na baŋ leɛ la lɔɛ na na vɛŋ ka a buri boma wɛ poɔ.

Popori maaloo meŋ la duoro la a tendaazaa pampana ŋa, ane a zaa ka a kaara a tendaazaa yelerree ane tenne na naŋ taa toraatare a te ta a yuoni 2009 yoŋ poɔ Sub-Saharan Africa la e a irigyin na yoŋ naŋ e zie ka ba naŋ ba taa a Popore mansimo tona ne ba toma.

Teŋɛ ane koɔ yɛlɛ

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Meŋ la nyɛ: Meŋ nyɛ a tensɔgɔ toma ko uoni koɔbo.

Zie maaloo,zie maaloo maŋ wane boma maaloo , a ŋaa e la nimizekpoŋzie naŋ maŋ vɛŋ ka noba toɔ doono a teŋɛ kyɛ a noba naŋ saana a bonleɛ-maale. Nyɛɛbo ba yelika teŋɛ maaloo e la nensaaleba yelerree naŋ 39% koo zaa poɔ te ta 50% koo zaa poɔ. Ba nyɛɛ ka 24% koo zaa poɔ e la a tendaazaa teŋɛ sammo kyɛ ka anaŋ na koore ana saa la kpɛziire ane bonkɔɔre ka tensɔgɔ naŋ taa werekoa.

Zie baŋ kaabo e la yɛlɛ naŋ saana zie saamo; .1.5 biliyɔɔne noba kpoŋ zie be a teŋɛ saamo ŋa eŋɛ. Zie saamo.na baŋ yie, teere kyeɛbo, zigbaŋgbalaa, tɛnne pɛge baatoo, puoroŋ yiibu, Zeɛŋ yiibu, bee salintalazeeson. A yuoni 2021 poɔ,koɔbo zie da e 4.79 biliyɔɔ hekare(ha), naŋ seŋ 2 % koo zaa poɔ, bee 0.09 biliyɔɔ ha ka foo na mane ne a yuoni 2000 poɔ.

A yi a yuoni 2000 ne a yuoni 2021, 1/3 teŋɛ ka ba da maŋ de ka e meadows kɔɔreŋ ane moɔ ɔɔbo oug (3.21 biliyɔɔ ha in 2021), naŋ leɛ sigi ne 5% koo zaa poɔ (0.17 billion ha). 1/3 a yagroŋ zaa piɔ a zikɔɔre zaa da e boŋkoɔre tensɔgɔ (1.58 biliyɔɔ ha a 2021), na baa te ta 6% koo zaa poɔ (0.09 biliyɔɔ ha).

Disipulee

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Boŋkoɔre Daa

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Koɔbo daa e la daa aŋa o naŋ yi neŋ  "maaloo, poomu ane diibu ko [koɔbo] boma ane sɛveese". Lanna koɔbo maaloo neŋ daa yeltare ane yɛroŋ ka e kparaama ko peɛroo piili la 1800s, kyɛ baa yaga a 20th santuura.[96]A koɔbo peɛroo taa la yitaaloŋ neŋ a daa pampanna, yele yaga a koɔbo poɔ taa la sammo  teŋɛ zaa ane tenlɔɔne mine daare dakore zaa, naŋ yi  teɛnɛnte koɔbo ane boŋkoɔre ponni naŋ be dasaŋa American sivil zɔɔre naŋ da e South States [97]a ko European feedal poɔŋ ko manoraalisim [98]A  United States, ane ziiri mine, bondiiri daaroŋ meŋ paale bondiiri maaloo, poomu, ane boŋkoɔre koɔroŋ, gbɛɛ yaga maŋ e la  tutaaloŋ kaŋa, maŋ do la kyɛ ka daaroŋ ko koɔba maŋ sigi. Ŋaa taa la yitaaloŋ neŋ nyaamo yaga yi boŋkoɔre, naŋ laŋ ne a duobo yele mine (teseŋ, boŋkoɔre maaloo yaga) naŋ yi a tutaaloŋ poɔ. Daa maalkaabo do la saa, kyɛ meŋ a yelkyɛrre yaga kyaare a daaroŋ duobu a daa kyɛlloo meŋ naŋ bar duori la, a leɛroo na maale poŋ la a daaroŋ boŋguuli yi a koɔba zie (koɔba) ane a didirbe, kyɛ naŋ baŋ taa la yelkyɛrre ko a tembili.[99]

Tendaa gɔbena mere, teseŋ zuyɔɔ, sigiroŋ, taarif ane amine, naŋ baŋ leɛ la a daa zie ko koɔbo bonnyɛrre.[100] Anaŋ wulli ka a 1960s, lammo  ko yɛroo begere mine, leɛretaaloŋ semmo mere ane sigiroŋ mere  taa la kyilluu mine ko koɔreba a tembaare ane tenne na naŋ baa baare. A 1980s, koɔba bombs sigiri naŋ be a tembaare poɔ nyɛ la yelkyɛrre mine yi tendaa mere naŋ maale bommaale a tendaa daaroŋ noɔre sigroŋ ko boŋkoɔre. A yi 1980 sɔgaŋ ane 2000 piiluu, sagebo gyamaa da be la koɔbo taarif, sigiroŋ ane amine ko  yɛroŋ basagebo.[101]

A yi a be, a 2009, ba da taa la mere mine a tendaa koɔbo daaroŋ yele. A boŋkoɔre ata naŋ taa yɛrooŋ kyilluu da la a sukiiri, borooŋ ane mui, gbɛɛ yaga maŋ yi  zuyɔɔ. Eŋ poɔ bombikpãã, sesame la maale taa a zuyɔɔ, kyɛ a zaa poɔ, bombie diraa ane bombikpãã la taa sigroŋ ko a zuyɔɔ te gaŋ a doŋguuli. A yi 1980s, mer-kyilli sigiri la doŋguuli te gaŋ  boŋkoɔre a yi a tendaa koɔbo mere. [102]A yi maaloo, boŋkoɔre mine, teseŋ gɔnne, maŋ nyɛ sigiroŋ tenne naŋ baa poɔ naŋ taa kyilluu ko a tendaa zaa daaroŋ, naŋ waana neŋ naŋe a tembaare poɔ neŋ ba taa sigiroŋ ko koɔbo. [103]Boŋkoɔre na ba maŋ tu bimmo tuuroŋ teseŋ kyi, bɛŋkpal, ane Nii maŋ maale wuli la tɔnɔ taabo yaga, naŋ taa kyilluu kaŋa ko a daaroŋ a koɔba naŋ taa. Boŋkoɔre yaga maŋ taa la yagroŋ, teseŋ semmo, yagroŋ bee tegroŋ.[104]

2021, a tendaa koɔbo tensɔgɔ da taa la 4.79 biliyɔɔ hekare(ha), naŋ sigi e 2 yi kɔɔ poɔ, bee 0.09 biliyɔɔ ha te manne 2000. A yi 2000 ane 2021, naŋ baŋ e la ayi-ata ko koɔbo tensɔgɔ da e la bombabaara ko meadows ane donne guuli (3.21 biliyɔɔ ha a 2021), naŋ sigiri neŋ 5 yi kɔɔ poɔ (0.17 biliyɔɔ ha). Yeni-ata ko a koɔbo tensɔgɔ zaa da pa neŋ la boŋkoɔre (1.58 biliyɔɔ ha a 2021), naŋ duori neŋ 6 yi kɔɔ poɔ (0.09 biliyɔɔ ha).

Eutrophication, naŋ taa kuuluŋ ko a bonvobo naŋ be koɔ poɔ naŋ waa na ne algal blooms ane anoxia, naŋ maŋ waa na zomo kuunɛɛ ka koɔnɛɛ ba taa kyuobo ane toma mine. Kuuluŋ yaga te eŋ bonkɔɔre poɔ ane bonguuli maŋ vɛŋ la ka kuuluŋ e yaga ( ka na la nitrogen ane phosphorus) runoff ane kyiruuŋ naŋ yi bonkɔɔre teŋɛ. A kuuluŋ ama e la yelkpoŋ naŋ saana zie ane koɔ poɔ bonvobo saana a koɔ teŋɛ koɔ naŋ taa bonfaare ko nensaaba baabo. Kuuluŋ meŋ maŋ vɛŋ ka tɛrɛɛtal leɛ-maaloo sigi kyɛ vɛŋ ka kyakya be ŋmenaa ne eŋɛ a sonna a bonkɔɔre mine naŋ taa tɔna ko a kuuluŋ.

Koɔbo ferɛ la koɔpaaba boɔbo ane donne kyakya


Koɔbo maale taa la baabo a koɔsonne poɔ boɔbo ane precipit (zikuoŋaa, kompiire, ane sakpoŋ waabo ane teŋgane yɛlɛ) saa naŋ miiri zie ane zie donne naŋ moɔ zie. Koɔbo e la 70 % koo zaa poɔ koosonne naŋ maŋ iri bara ka ba maŋ manne a ka a 41% koo zaa a pampana tendaazaa koɔ tuubu yɛlɛ naŋ maŋ waane tenkoɔ saamo. A meŋ maŋ la e la aquifer a ziire a ŋa northern China, a Upper Ganges ane a western US e la ka a zie saa,ane yepaaba peɛroo vɛŋ la ka zie taa kuuluŋ aŋa Iran, Mexico ane Saudi Arabia. Toma yagroŋ be la koɔnɛɛ boma a yi a tontomba zie a tembɛrɛ poɔ, ka.la wuli ka koɔ ba kyeɛbo duoro la ka koɔbo wano tuo ne boma maaloo ko a tendaazaa a vɛŋ ka a noba yagroŋ vɛŋ ka koɔ yɛlɛ e kpeɛne.

Nensaaleba Koɔbo

maaleŋ

Nansaala koɔbo e la yelkpoŋ naŋ maale taa yelzuri yaga ko bonvobo naŋ laŋ ne ŋmen-iribu, daaroŋ ane sosaal koɔbo ba naŋ maŋ de tonɔ ane muni bammo ko koɔbo. O kɔlage la yelzuri teseŋ  aguronomi, tere guoluu ane zēē beziiiri, tere plant patologyi, boŋkoɔre parɛɛ, tensɔgɔ saase, etomologyi, bomaale sobie ane leɛmaaloo, donne zannoo ane a yeltuuri kaabo, ane zannoo kyaare tensɔgɔ tɛɛtɛɛloŋ kyilluu teseŋ tensɔgɔ saasu koɔŋ wuobu, sagere maale bimmu.[105][106]

A peɛroo kyaare a koɔbo zannoo piili la 18th dakoroŋ na, saŋa na Johann Friedrich Mayer naŋ e o peɛroo kyaare ne lɛ ba naŋ maŋ toŋ ne gypsum (hydrated calcium sulphate) neŋ koɔloŋ.[107] Peɛroo paaŋ da eɛ tutaaloŋ mine ayuoni 1843, John Lawes ane Henry Gilbert da piilee zitɔɔre ko agronomi peɛroo naŋ da e Rothamsted peɛroo zie naŋ be England; a mine la, teseŋ a Park Muo Peɛroo, naŋ erɛ la.[108] [109]A America, a Hatch Act ko 1887 da bo la libie ba naŋ da boɔlɔ a dɛndɛŋ saŋa ka "agricultural science", naŋ e yi koɔba zie' naŋ taa nɔmmo neŋ koɔloŋ.[110] A koɔbo etomologyi, a USDA da piilee ba peɛroo kyaare donne guubu a 1881; o da tere la o dɛndɛŋ kpaaroŋ kpoŋ naŋ da e 1905, peɛrɛ Europe ane Japan ko donfaare mine  ko a spongyi moth ane zɔ-ulluu moth, naŋ piili ne parasitoids (teseŋ solitary wasps) ane dondonne ko donne kɔɔle naŋ be a  US.[111][112][113]

Begere

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Sigiroŋ daadaa ko donne bonnyɛrre ane bondiiri yi OECD tenne a yuoni 2012 poɔ, US koɔbo yeltuuri la gɔbenɛnte boɔbo ane yel-ere naŋ taa eebo neŋ  yie koɔbo ane tenne mine koɔbo bonnyɛre. Gɔbenɛnte maŋ eŋ yeltuuri ko koɔbo yele neŋ yelboɔre ka ba nyɛ tɔnɔ a yie koɔbo daa diibu poɔ. Yelsonne mine teseŋ yeltuo mine maale kaabo ane duoruu  (te paale mere naŋ kyaare zie leɛroŋ, bondi-sonne ane Ŋmene zisaane mine), daaroŋ arebo (te paale mere naŋ kyaare zuyɔɔ), ŋmene bontere ane tensɔgɔ maale arebo (teseŋ a zaa kõɔ yeltare), peɛroo ane duobo, neŋ daa nyaabo ko yiri boŋkoɔre  (te paale yitaaloŋ neŋ tendaa maaloo ane sagebo neŋ tenne mine).[114]Koɔbo mere meŋ na baŋ be la bondiiri sonnoŋ, a maŋ vɛŋ ka bondiiri deterebo maŋ e bonsonneŋ ane veɛloŋ, bondiiri maale guubu a maŋ vɛŋ a bondiiri deterebo maŋ nyɛ a yagroŋ boɔbo, ane maale bimmo. Merɛ dɔlɔ naŋ baŋ taa la tɛɛtɛɛloŋ neŋ bondaaloŋ kpaaroŋ, teseŋ sigiroŋ, a ma vɛŋ a koɔba ka ba taa bamenne kpeɛbo ko bondi-sonne maaloo kpaaroŋ.[115]

A yuoni 2021 peɛroo wuli ka tendaa, sommo kyaare koɔba nyɛ ka a na baŋ ta US$540 biliyɔɔ a yuoni poɔ.[116]A libiri ŋa na baŋ ta la 15% ko a koɔbo maaloo nyaabo, kyɛ o ba maale taa sommo kyaare yeltuuri na naŋ waana neŋ nimizeeloŋ bataabo, ane meŋ ba maŋ poŋ eŋ a tensɔgɔ ane nensaala laafeeloŋ.[117]

Yelkyɛrre yaga kyaare ne koɔbo mere maaloo, te paale a diribe, koɔbo yɛroŋ, yɛroŋ boɔbo ane kpaaroŋ mine. Koɔbo yɛroŋ boɔbo la mere taa la yelkyɛrre mine ane a mere maalebo, a yi a sɔrebo ane kampane kyeɛroŋ. Paati paati lamboori, te paale naŋ taa teɛroŋ neŋ tensɔgɔ yele ane tontonneba kpaaroŋ, meŋ maŋ taa la yelkyɛrre, ba naŋ maŋ e boɔbo kpaaroo sere naŋ maŋ taa noba boŋkoɔre.[118]A bondiiri ane koɔbo zilaŋne a United Nations (FAO) yi la tendaa zaa faŋa a naŋ kare koŋ kyɛ bo vuo ko daaroŋ tendaa zaa koɔbo mere ane sagedeebo. Samuel Jutzi, daraata ko FAO's donne guulu ane laafeeloŋ pommo, yeli ka sɔroo yi  nɔlaŋe kpoŋ da barɛɛ la leɛ-eebo naŋ na maale nensaala laafeeloŋ ane a tensɔgɔ. Aseŋ, yelboɔre a 2010 ko a yeltuuri mine ko doŋguuli zie na naŋ baŋ tere vuo neŋ laafeeloŋ, ane tensɔgɔ mere, teseŋ donne noɔre a teŋɛ na naŋ baŋ soŋ ka a ta sããbo ta koɔre, da ba toɔŋ nyɛ eebo yi bondiiri kompaane kpoŋ zuiŋ.[119]

Yelkyɛre Ko A Teŋɛ

maaleŋ

Yelkyɛre ne a sama

maaleŋ

Koɔbo e la yelkpoŋ kaŋa naŋ saa na a teŋɛ ka a mine la, teere ne donne mine kyaabo, tɛnɛɛ saamo,ane sagama kyilluu naŋ vɛŋ ka bonkɔɔre ba la maala. Koɔbo la a yeli kaŋa naŋ koro a teŋɛ tuluŋ a gaŋ a zaa kpɛzie kyilluu, sagama kyilluu koɔ ba naŋ maŋ toŋ ne toma ane teefaare ba naŋ iri bara. Koɔbo la vɛŋ ka teefaare iribaroo be a teŋɛ poɔ a lane bonvobo teenɛɛ, gaŋ a zaa gone. A yuoni 2011 UNEP Green Economic yeli ka ka 13% koo zaa poɔ koɔbo yelerree maŋ teefaare a tendaazaa poɔ bare a teŋɛ. A lane sasefaare naŋ maŋ a kuuluŋ maaloo poɔ,bonvobo teenɛɛ,ane karansin mine naŋ maŋ yiri igimɛ poɔ.

Koɔbo waa na ne sama yaga ko a teŋɛ a yi a faaloŋ ama zie bonvobo teenɛɛ sammo ko a teŋɛ, ( a gaŋ a zaa teere teenɛɛ ane bonvobo teenɛɛ ), kuuluŋ naŋ pɛge yi, kongyamaa saamo,ane a ŋmene baaroo tengane. A yuoni 200 poɔ, koɔbo peɛroo poɔ UK nyɛɛ la a sane zaa a yuoni 1996 poɔ ka o e £2,343 million, bee £208 a ko ekare zaa. A yuoni 2005 poɔ nyɛ la a sane ŋa a US poɔ ka o ta a ŋa $5 te ta $16 billion ($30 te ta $96 a ko ekare zaa ), kyɛ ka bonguuli guuluu a e $714 million. A zannoo yi zaa pukyaare la a nimiri nyaabo yelfaare, a maane yɛlɛ yaga seŋ ka e toɔ maa a sane. Ka ba ŋmaa a sane bare a ba yelerree poɔ kyɛ ba baŋ ka ŋmaabaroo meŋ maŋ vɛŋ ka bonkɔɔre daa e kpeɛŋaa a teŋɛ poɔ.

Koɔbo boɔbo la ka a boma maaloo duzaa kyɛ ka a sane meŋ ŋmaa bare naŋ maŋ dere yɛlɛ naŋ na ŋmaa a biodiversity sane ka siŋ teŋɛ vɛɛm. Boma maaloo naŋ duzaa a ŋa kuuluŋ,ane boma naŋ iri maaloŋ bara, boma naŋ baŋ na baaloŋ yɛlɛ, ( a ŋa weeds ). Boma daa na baŋ siŋi la ka ba naŋ vɛŋ ka wɛre e yɛluŋ a ŋa, ka ba vɛŋ ka wɛre yaare, a ŋaa wuli ka ba iri hedge ditches ane kpɛziire bare. Bonvobo teenɛɛ maŋ kɔɔrɔ la bonvobo, teere ane fungi. Boma maaloo yelkyɛre maŋ be la wɛe zie, naŋ na baŋ boma ba maaloo a yi a diibu wagere , a taabo, ane a bemmo.

A teŋɛ yelkyɔre kyaare a sagama kyilluu naŋ wuli a peɛroo poɔ kyaare konne ane baaloŋ ba maŋ maaleŋ fɛrɛ yaga. A yuoni 2021 poɔ, koɔrebo da nyɛɛ tesɛle a ko wheat a champagne ziire a French poɔ, baaloŋ naŋ da maŋ be Morocco a yi yuomo 20 te ta yuomo 30. A sagama kyilluu zuiŋ bonvobo naŋ da maŋ kpi saseɛ saga ŋa ma la vooro la kyɛ baara meŋ.

Donne Guuluu Yele

maaleŋ

Nenkpoŋ korebo a UN tontomba kaŋa, Henning Steinfeld, yeli ka,donne guuluu la te pampana yelnimiziire naŋ saana te teŋɛ. Donne guuluu maŋ de a ŋa 70% a koɔbo teŋɛ zaa bee 30% a teŋɛ maŋ e la teere. A la a yelkpoŋ kaŋa naŋ saana a zie, o na so ka 18% sasefaare naŋ be a teŋɛ poɔ ka foo na mane ne kõɔ. Ka foo na mane a sori tuubu zaa maŋ iri 13.5% koɔ. O maŋ maale la nensaalaa vooroŋ faare na ( naŋ taa 296 yagroŋ a tendaazaa koɔ saamo) ane 37% meŋ naŋ e nensaalaa yelerree ( meŋ naŋ 23 yagroŋ tule gaŋ kõɔ ). O meŋ maŋ waana ne la 65% sasefaare. Donne yɛluu la maaleŋ vɛŋ ka ka ba kyeɛrɛ teere yaga, a Amazon basin e la 70% ziire pampana e la zie donne naŋ ɔɔrɔ moɔ kyɛ ka a kyɛlɛɛ e koɔbo bondirii.

Ama, ka teere kyeɛbo ane moɔ ɔɔbo, donguuli meŋ meŋ vɛŋ ka biodiversity sigire. Gbama ba naŋ maaleŋ sɛge wulu ka phenomenon e la daaboɔ teɛ naŋ moɔɔ yeltere. Nimitɔɔre gaaboŋ, a United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) yeli ka "methane donne iribu ko a tendaazaa nyɛ la duobu aŋa 60% koo zaa poɔ ka anaŋ wa Tara a yuoni 2030 poɔ a yi a bondirii ne a yelerree zie.

Bonvɔbɔ

maaleŋ

Articel meŋɛ: oylɛ mine bonvobo naŋ erɛ koro a teŋgbane.

Bonvɔbɔ naŋ saana weɛ boma maaleŋ duoro la saa a yi a yuoni 1950 aŋa 2.5 miliyɔɔ a yuoni zaa a tendaazaa poɔ kyɛ bonkɔɔre naŋ maŋ saa bonvɔbɔ eŋɛ naŋ waa la a lɛ. A tendaazaa laafeeloŋ lammo yeli ka a yuoni 1992 poɔ ka miliyɔmɔ ata bonkɔɔre la ka koremɔ zaa yuoni zaa ka lɛ vɛŋ ka 220,000 noba kpi. Bonvɔbɔ ba naŋ maŋ iri a bonvobo (koremo) zaa poɔ, ka lɛ waane baaloŋ kaŋa ba naŋ boɔlɔ "pesticide treadmills " ka lɛ vɛŋ ka noba naŋ kpeɛre a be la maaleŋ bɔ tee yuobo.

A ŋaa zaa zɔɔre wulu la lɛ ba naŋ na e faa a teŋgbane kyɛ ka maŋ ma kara koŋ bare see la ba dere a kɔre teenɛɛ ŋa kyɛ la koɔrɔ yaga meŋ. Yeŋ ŋa e la a neɛ na naŋ kaara a tendaazaa bondirii yɛlɛ intanenti poɔ. Ama, tembɛrɛ nyɛɛ la ka yɛlɛ kyaare ne a teŋgbane boɔrɔ la bondirii kyɛ ka a koroo teenɛɛ na baŋ are ko teere teenɛɛ ka a mine koɔbo leɛroo.

A tage kaŋ tage a koɔbo bonbiiri baŋ taaba poɔ bonkɔɔre gyamaa, a te teere nyuu ka soŋ ka bonkɔɔre dandolo a yi bonkɔɔre ane ka a bɛlle a gaa ne ziyuo ka na baŋ pãã tuo iri bare.

Yɛlɛ Naŋ Waana Ne Teŋgbane Kyilluu

maaleŋ

Aatikele Meŋɛ : Die na ba naŋ maŋ guulu teere sasefaare naŋ maŋ yire a yi koɔboŋ.

Koɔbo e la a yelkaŋa naŋ poɔ a saana a teŋgbane a yi sasefaare naŋ maŋ yire a die na poɔ ba naŋ maŋ guulu teere ane ba naŋ kyɛ pere a wɛgaŋ poɔ ka o leɛ koɔbo zie. A koɔbo ane a wɛgaŋ teere koɔbo maŋ de la teŋgbane naŋ ta 13% ane 12% koo zaa poɔ a tendaazaa sasefaare naŋ maŋ yire a deri na poɔ ba naŋ maŋ guulu a teere. Sasefaare iri baroo zaa la poɔ a koɔbo sasefaare naŋ naŋ baŋ poŋ eŋ kaa sentaa ka neɛ de a sasefaare na zaa naŋ be a tendaazaa. Donne guuluu e la a yelkpoŋ kaŋa naŋ waana ne a sasefaare iiribaroo a die na poɔ ba naŋ maŋ guulu a teere.

A ŋa 57% koo zaa poɔ a tendaazaa GHG sasefaare iribaroo a yi bondirii maaloo a yi donne bondirii maaloo kyɛ ka teere bondirii meŋ e 29% koo zaa poɔ kyɛ ka 14% koo zaa poɔ kyɛlɛɛ na meŋ e mine kaŋa. Wɛkɔɔre baŋ taabo ane wɛ koɔbo are ko la sasefaare iribroo kponzie ( 38% ane 29% koo zaa poɔ ka a tu a taa a lɛ) kyɛ ka mui ne naanɛne da la a teere ne a a donne bonkɔɔre kponzie (12% ane 25% koo zaa poɔ ka a tu a lɛ) South ane Southeast Asia ane South America da la a sasefaare iribaroo kponzie a GHGs maaloo zie.

Bamtaroo

maaleŋ

Aatikele meŋɛ: koɔbo yɛlɛ naŋ na baŋ bebe a kɔɔre

Pampana koɔ yeltuuri leɛ la koɔ yɛlɛ,ka a koɔ maŋ pɛgerɛ a sazu tenɛɛ bara ka a lɛ maŋ vɛŋ ka a tenɛɛ ba maŋ taa kuuluŋ. Kõɔ ba kyɛbe gyamaa ka na naŋ baŋ erɛ a pampana ŋa koɔbo, a lɛzuiŋ lɛ na kõɔ, teŋgane ane kpɛziiri naŋ na maŋ soŋ ka bonkɔɔre maale seŋ ka ba la maaleŋ kaa soŋ. A maaloo zaa na e la ka ba naŋ faga ko bonvobo kpɛziiri, ka leɛ kaa a teŋgane ane a nyɔvore yɛlɛ ane ba naŋ na kaara a tontonee tɛɛtɛɛ.

Tɛɛtɛɛloŋ la maŋ waana ne a yɛlɛ ama, ka yɛlɛ wa maale,ka a mine ka ba la maaleŋ bɔ koɔnɛɛ ziiri ko a nembaaleba ne a bondaaneba zie, a teŋɛ maaloo naŋ na soŋ ka bonkɔɔre maale, bee ka ba kaara a teŋɛ na naŋ maŋ taa kõɔ yaga naŋ maŋ saana a boma ka a naŋ wa maale baare.

Tɛkenɔlɔgyi bammo vɛŋɛɛ la ka a soŋ bɔ koɔbo bonkɔɔre a na vɛŋ ka koɔbo e mɔlɔ. Tɛkenɔlɔgyi vɛŋɛɛ la yelpaaba aŋa tillage, koɔbo yeltare naŋ na soŋ ka a sazu tenɛɛ ba pɛge bare, a vɛŋ kõɔ saamo siŋi ane sasefaare iribaroo.

Koɔbo mansimo na baŋ soŋ a ŋmɛ a yelwonni ŋa mine naŋ kyaare ne teŋgane kyilluu a fɛre, a ne meŋ a soŋ ka ba nyɛ yelpaaba. Aseŋ ka ba te tɛkenɔlɔgyi mansimo ( aseŋ bompaaba koɔ) na baŋ soŋ ka koɔbo boma maala yaga. A la waa na meŋ, ka ba naŋ wa de a eŋ bombie bee boma naŋ naŋ bulu paaloŋ, a na baŋ soŋ la ka ba baŋ zie neɛ naŋ koŋ baŋ baŋ yɛlɛ naŋ kyaare ne teŋgane kyilluu.

Yɛlɛ mine meŋ naŋ na baŋ soŋ ka koɔbo yɛlɛ gɛrɛ soŋ la koɔbo tɛɛtɛɛ, wɛgaŋ teere koɔbo, ka ba la maaleŋ vɛŋ ka donne ɔɔrɔ moɔ yaga,ne ka ba ta maŋ kyeɛrɛ a zie naŋ taa a moɔ bara ane biochar. Pampana boŋyemɛ koɔbo erɛ la a United State ka a yaare la baŋ baŋ a koɔbo yeltuuri yɛlɛ a ŋa 2 -3 bonkɔɔre ba naŋ koɔrɔ leɛrɛ a lane moɔ, bee hay ane yuoni gbuli bonkɔɔre, ka bonfaare ba naŋ na iribare yoŋ naane naŋ na bŋ e bɛŋɛ.a

A bondirii a teŋɛ zaa yagroŋ, ane a pampana sagama kyilluu naŋ koŋ baŋ na baŋ vɛŋ la a teŋɛ bonkɔɔre yeltuuri yɛɛle a koɔbo ziiri, ane ka ba vɛŋ ka a noba naŋ diri a boma taa yɛŋ soŋ.

Energy Dependence

maaleŋ

A yi a yuoni 1940 poɔ, koɔbo toma baara la a yi a faga mansimo ane kuuluŋ ane teenɛɛ ba naŋ ennɛ a bonkɔɔre. A faga bonkɔɔre ŋa yaga zie la fosili kãã zie. A yi a yuoni 1960 ane a yuoni 1980 soga, a Green Revolution vɛŋ ka koɔbo e mɔlɔ a tendaazaa, ne bonkɔɔre naŋ baa ta ( a yi 70% ane 390% kɔɔ zaa poɔ soga e la fui ka 60% te ta 250% kɔɔ zaa poɔ meŋ e mui a na eŋ paa yi la be a zie naŋ are) ane nensaaleba yagroŋ naŋ baara bɔyi bɔyi.


A yaga zie areko patrokyɛmicale naŋ mane ka kãã bimmu naŋ baŋ vɛŋ ka a daa du kyɛ la vɛŋ ka koɔbo boma meŋ siŋi.

Bonkɔgyamaa zaa be la fosili kãã zie a yi yɛlɛ mine ayi zie: a bonkɔɔre diibu daadaa ane a a weɛ boma ba naŋ maŋ de maale ne boŋyɔbɔ. A bonkɔɔre na ba na maŋ di daadaa la a lubirika ane a fosili ba naŋ de toɔ toŋ weɛ lɔkɔɔre ane mansimo.

Boma meŋ ba naŋ ba maŋ di daadaa la kuuluŋ maaloo, teenɛɛ ba naŋ de mirɛ ne moɔ,ane weɛ mansimo. A mine kaŋa meŋ, ba maŋ de la maale ne naatrogyin kuuluŋ meŋ na baŋ soŋ poɔ la a koɔbo faga ba naŋ maŋ de poɔ a tonne a toma. A bondirii daadaa ane a anaŋ ba naŋ ba dire daadaa zaa lantaa a US wɛre nyɛɛ 2% kɔɔ zaa poɔ a teŋɛ zaa faga ba naŋ maŋ de tonne a toma. A bondirii daadaa ne a anaŋ ba naŋ ba dire daadaa a US wɛre poɔ sigi la a yuoni 1979 poɔ, a yi la lɛ deɛ sigire wa tɔ zenɛ.

Bondirii yɛlɛ ba e Koɔbo yoŋ kyɛ a e la bonkɔɔre yeltuuri, lɛ ba naŋ na biŋ a,ziire a naŋ gɛrɛ, a daa diibu,a diibu ane a bondirii lɔɔbaroo ane bondirii boma mine. Koɔbo la waa na ne a faga yaga zie a US paaloŋ poɔ.

Teere tɛɛtɛɛ ane a biotechnology

maaleŋ

Teere guuluu

Aatikele meŋɛ

Wheat koɔbo boɔrɔ la zie naŋ nomo ka manne ne zie naŋ ba nomo. Teere tɛɛtɛɛ koɔbo e la nensaaleba toma a yuomo kɔɔ ŋa zaa, a yi a wagere na zinlaafeeloŋ naŋ wa. Bonkɔɔre tɛɛtɛɛ a yi a guuluu yelerree maŋ kyille a  teɛ waaloŋ a vɛŋ ka o bonwomo maaloo yɛlɛ e kpeɛŋaa kyɛ ka taa tɔnɔ yaga ko nensaaleba aseŋ tewomo naŋ e bɛrɛ bee a bie bee anaŋ e yiri done mine kpɛzie. Kyilluu yaga naŋ be la teere guuluu poɔ aŋa Gregor Mendel naŋ yeli. O toŋ la toma a boŋgyamaa ane alleles ane a zaa ka ba da nyɛrɛ a tona a ŋa yuomo 50 naŋ ko teere guuluu bammo ane a guuluu yeltuuri.  Teere guuluu e la  yeltuuri ka a mine la teere iribu naŋ taa meɛroŋ boŋyeni, a mine baabo, neɛ naŋ guulaa ane tewomo boŋyeni yeltuuri naŋ maŋ vɛŋ ka a teɛ baara.

A Green Revolution la vɛŋ ka hybridization yaare ka a toɔ vɛŋ ka a teere maale soŋ ka a waana boma maaloo tɛɛtɛɛ.  Aseŋ kamaana maaloo a a US poɔ yɛɛle la a yi 2.5 eka zaa(t/ha) (40 bushels eka zaa ) a yuoni 1900 poɔ te ta 9.4 t/ha (150 bushels eka ) a yuoni 2001.

Lɛ ka waa a tendaazaa wheat maaloo zɛgɛdo la a yi ŋa 1t/ ha a yuoni 1900 te ta a 2.5t/ha a yuoni 1990 poɔ. South America wheat maaloo ta la 2t/ha, ka African e 1t/ha, ka Egypt ane Arabia ta 3.5 te ta 4 t/ha lanne irigaasin. A wheat naŋ maala a tenne ama e la France ta la 8t/ha. A maaloo tɛɛtɛɛ  yi la a a teŋgbane kyilluu, a bombɔɔrɔ yizie ane a koɔbo boma naŋ seŋ lɛ ( a kuuluŋ, bonvobo teenɛɛ )

Koɔbo yelpaaba mine naŋ kpɛ a  koɔbo da di a yi irigyin kaŋa ba maŋ e mɔlɔ ka toɔ de a boma gaane kyɛ ka la de irigyin yoɔ, a yelpaaba da ba kpɛ la soŋ ka ba naŋ toɔ kaa a zie waaloŋ ne a bonkɔɔre yeltuuri. A yelpaaba mine ba naŋ zanne be la a bombie guuluu naŋ vɛŋ ka teere tɛɛtɛɛ  yɛɛlɛ a yi a teere tɛɛtɛɛ tontomba International Union  naŋ kaara a bompaaba tɛɛtɛɛ teere.(UPOV).

Gyɛnɛti eŋgyinɛɛreŋ

Aatikele meŋɛ: gyɛnɛtikale eŋgyinɛɛreŋ

Meŋɛ la nyɛ:Gyɛnɛtikale maŋ soŋ maale la bondirii,  a maŋ soŋ maale la bonkɔɔre, a maŋ soŋ maale la bonvobo ane a maŋ la soŋ maale la bondirii yeltare mine.

Gyɛnɛtikale maŋ soŋ maale dakele teere ka da nyɔŋe baaloŋ ka sãã a naŋ na naŋ ba soŋ a teere.

Gyɛnɛtikale maŋ soŋ maale la bonvobo(GMO) na a gyɛnɛti boma na naŋ daŋ e a gyɛnɛti eŋgyinɛɛreŋ tɛkenɔlɔgyi  ka baŋ ne o DNA tɛkenɔlɔgyi. Gyɛnɛti eŋgyinɛɛreŋ vɛŋ la la ka bonkɔɔre yaare a ko boŋguulebo a vɛŋ ka ba bonkɔɔre paaba na ba naŋ boɔrɔ. A maŋ soŋ la ka a kɔɔre, ka a taa noɔ, ka bonvobo ne baaloŋ da kpeɛrɛ a,  a yi a gyɛnɛti eŋgyinɛɛreŋ eŋɛ. A mine, GMO bonkɔɔre maŋ vɛŋ la bonkɔɔre ta nyɔge baaloŋ, ane bondirii yeltare zaa. Tenne gyamaa maŋ eŋ la bɛŋɛ  boma maaloo, boma kɔɔroo a yi a teŋɛ poɔ ane a GMO bondirii ane a bonkɔɔre.  A  Biosafety Protocol, tenne la leɛrɛ a GMOs yaaroo. Yɛlɛ mannoo naŋ gɛrɛ a yi lɛ ba naŋ na maŋ eŋ a bondirii yoe ba  naŋ maale yi a GMOs kyɛ ka EU tenne yeli ka a GMOs bondirii ka a yoe, la US eŋ ba e a lɛ.

Herbicide-resistant bombie taa a gyɛne bonburi naŋ be a gyeɛnɔmi naŋ maŋ vɛŋ ka a teere toɔ vɛŋ ka e a herbicides, lanne a glyphosate. A bombie ama maŋ vɛŋ la ka a kɔɔraa buri a bonkɔɔre  naŋ na baŋ miri a herbicides ta soŋ kare moɔ kyɛ ka ba sãã  a bonkɔɔre. Herbicides-tolerant bonkɔɔre  e la boma kɔɔrebo yaga naŋ de tona ne toma a tendaazaa.  A teenɛɛ ama naŋ leɛ puri vɛŋ la ka a glyphosate tee miri meŋ yaare. A ziire mine a glyphosate maŋ vɛŋ ka moɔ bebe yaga ka maŋ vɛŋ ka kɔɔrebo maŋ leɛ kaara a herbicides teenɛɛ. Peɛroo mine wuli ka ka ka a glyphosate yaaroo yi la a iron baaloŋ a bonkɔɔre poɔ a yi a  bonkɔɔre maaloo ane a noɔ naŋ seŋ lɛ, naŋ taa daa ane laafeeloŋ soŋ.

GMO bonkɔɔre mine bonguulebo mine lane bonvobo naŋ saana naŋ taa gŋɛɛne naŋ yi tɛne naŋ taa a Bacillus thuringinsis ( Bt) baaloŋ naŋ maŋ waane toxin bonvobo mine kaŋa bale. A bonkɔɔre ama maŋ Kara la a bonvobo ama bara. Ba mime sage ka a bonvobo baaloŋ ŋa mine na baŋ yi la a dakoroŋ na guuluu poɔ kyɛ ba derɛ baaloŋ gyamaa.  A mine kaŋa meŋ, baaloŋ faare la maŋ vɛŋ ka boma ba maala, komie koɔrebo mine mine nyɛɛ la a zɔɔ faa la baaloŋ gyamaa na ta 19 baaloŋ lɛ ka a maŋ yaare komie koɔbo gyamaa.

Ɔrɔbare Naŋ Saana Ziiri

maaleŋ

Aatikele meŋɛ  : Ɔrɔbare naŋ saana zie ane ɔrɔbare koɔbo

Ɔrɔbare boma ba maŋ de a la toŋ ne koɔbo toma,a lane ka ba naŋ boɔrɔ ka boma maale soŋ ane ka a vɛŋ ka koɔ bebe ane teenɛɛ ba naŋ maŋ de e ne. Ɔrɔbare koɔbo,boma lane boma ba naŋ maŋ de pɔge a die na poɔ ba maŋ guulu a teere ane koɔnɛɛ naŋ be pare ne boma na ba naŋ de pɔge a sazu tenɛɛ ka a pɔge a tenɛɛ ( aseŋ ka ko mɔɔre, a pɔge koɔnɛɛ, a vɛŋ ka tenɛɛ tuluŋ naŋ bebe ane kuuluŋ emmo) teere maaroŋ, dondolo teenɛɛ,laare ba naŋ de guulu ne a boma,bonguuli ane buli tugebu. A boma ba naŋ maŋ de maala ne gbɛɛyaga e la fee lɛ (LPDE), bonbaalaa naŋ e fee lɛ (LLDPE), polypropylene (PP) ane polyvinyl chloride (PVC).

A Ɔrɔbare zaa ba naŋ maŋ de toŋ ne koɔbo toma waa la kpeɛŋaa ka nyɛ lɛ a yagroŋ naŋ seŋ. A yuoni 2012 poɔ peɛroo wuli ka a ŋa 6.5 miliyɔɔ boma ka ba maŋ nyɛ a tendaazaa kyɛ ka pampana peɛroo wuli ka 7.3 miliyɔɔ ane 9 miliyɔɔ a yuoni 2015 kpakyagaŋ. A ɔrɔbare yaaroo koɔnɛɛ naŋ be teŋɛ poɔ ane a yeltuuri nɛnɛ naŋ ba kyɛbe ane a baŋ taroo vɛŋ la ka ba leɛ maala koɔnɛɛ naŋ be teŋɛ yaga.

Zie waaloŋ ane o saamo vɛŋ la ka a koɔnɛɛ naŋ be a teŋɛ ŋmɛre. A boŋŋmɛremɛ ama ane ɔrɔbare yaga zaa la maŋ be a tenɛɛ poɔ. Teŋɛ koɔnɛɛ sigibo na baŋ mane aŋ 50 te 260kg ekare zaa poɔ a sazu tenne ziire na be la tenɛɛ maŋ waa ŋa uuroŋ na naŋ pare yuomo pie, naŋ de sagebu ko teŋɛ koɔnɛɛ naŋ a ɔrɔba boŋyeni ane a ayi tenfaare.

La Nyɛ Kyɛ Meŋ

maaleŋ
  • Aeroponics
  • Saazu koɔbo boma
  • Koɔbo Eŋgyinɛɛreŋ
  • Koɔbo namdaaleŋ
  • Koɔbo mansume
  • Koɔ bommaale kyɔgele
  • Agurokologyi
  • Koɔbo yɛroŋ
  • Agrominerals
  • Building-integrated agriculture
  • Koɔ-deri koɔbo
  • Lammo koɔbo
  • Crofting
  • Ecoagriculture
  • Farmworker
  • Bondiiri bɔroo ane saamo
  • Bondiiri kaabo
  • Hill koɔbo
  • List of documentary films about agriculture
  • Pharming (genetics)
  • Remote sensing
  • Kori baabo
  • Tensɔgɔ bonvobo guuluu
  • Donne guuluu
  • Leɛ maaloo koɔbo
  • Teŋkpoŋ koɔbo
  • Are dendeŋ koɔbo
  • Zɛvaare koɔbo

Sommo Yieze

maaleŋ
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  70. ↑ https://web.archive.org/web/20180301164429/https://pag.confex.com/pag/xxvi/meetingapp.cgi/Paper/28409
  71. ↑ https://archive.org/details/firecaliforniase00sugi
  72. ↑ Blackburn, Thomas C.; Anderson, Kat, eds. (1993). Before the Wilderness: Environmental Management by Native Californians. Ballena Press. ISBN 978-0-87919-126-9.
  73. ↑ https://books.google.com/books?id=nuYuYGHwCygC&pg=PA135
  74. ↑ https://archive.org/details/tendingwildnativ0000ande
  75. ↑ https://web.archive.org/web/20160314055513/http://www.bookdepository.com/publishers/Dodo-Press
  76. ↑ http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1039&context=nebanthro
  77. ↑ https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF03400623
  78. ↑ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3048996
  79. ↑ Williams, Elizabeth (1988). "Complex Hunter-Gatherers: A Late Holocene Example from Temperate Australia". Archaeopress Archaeology. 423.
  80. ↑ Lourandos, Harry (1997). Continent of Hunter-Gatherers: New Perspectives in Australian Prehistory. Cambridge University Press.
  81. ↑ https://books.google.com/books?id=aUddY9fGkNMC
  82. ↑ https://books.google.com/books?id=h2Q5BgAAQBAJ&pg=PA126
  83. ↑ https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fs0022050700079602
  84. ↑ http://www.gilderlehrman.org/history-by-era/american-indians/essays/columbian-exchange
  85. ↑ http://www.nae.edu/Publications/Bridge/52548/52645.aspx
  86. ↑ http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/hort_306/text/lec32.pdf
  87. ↑ https://web.archive.org/web/20130505115125/https://www.motherjones.com/tom-philpott/2013/04/history-nitrogen-fertilizer-ammonium-nitrate
  88. ↑ https://www.motherjones.com/tom-philpott/2013/04/history-nitrogen-fertilizer-ammonium-nitrate
  89. ↑ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2610169
  90. ↑ https://web.archive.org/web/20120201000745/http://www.odi.org.uk/work/projects/pdn/eps.pdf
  91. ↑ https://web.archive.org/web/20160829015112/http://www.survivalinternational.org/about/swidden
  92. ↑ Waters, Tony (2007). The Persistence of Subsistence Agriculture: life beneath the level of the marketplace. Lexington Books.
  93. ↑ https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fd41586-018-02742-3
  94. ↑ https://web.archive.org/web/20060705221311/https://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9042533
  95. ↑ https://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/biology/livingthingsenvironment/4foodandsustainabilityrev5.shtml
  96. ↑ https://web.archive.org/web/20130401181613/http://www.uidaho.edu/cals/aers/agriculturaleconomics
  97. ↑ http://ageconsearch.umn.edu/bitstream/13649/1/wp06-01.pdf
  98. ↑ https://web.archive.org/web/20130527204119/http://digital.library.okstate.edu/encyclopedia/entries/T/TE009.html
  99. ↑ https://doi.org/10.1111%2F0002-9092.00106
  100. ↑ https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/bitstream/handle/10986/4101/WPS4864.pdf?sequence=1
  101. ↑ https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/bitstream/handle/10986/8699/wps3901.pdf?sequence=1
  102. ↑ https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/bitstream/handle/10986/4101/WPS4864.pdf?sequence=1
  103. ↑ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agriculture#cite_note-250
  104. ↑ http://www.ibrc.indiana.edu/studies/AgriculturesBounty.pdf
  105. ↑ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)
  106. ↑ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-63239-058-5
  107. ↑ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agriculture#cite_note-JB_1840-254
  108. ↑ https://www.rothamsted.ac.uk/long-term-experiments
  109. ↑ https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1365-2745.2006.01145.x
  110. ↑ https://web.archive.org/web/20081002000000/http://pubs.aged.tamu.edu/jae/pdf/vol37/37-04-08.pdf
  111. ↑ https://web.archive.org/web/20151124001647/http://nature.berkeley.edu/biocon/BC%20Class%20Notes/6-11%20BC%20History.pdf
  112. ↑ http://www.main.nc.us/SERAMBO/BControl/gypsy.html#conclu
  113. ↑ https://archive.org/details/CAT30852465/page/n3/mode/2up
  114. ↑ http://coserve.com.au/PDF/VirtualMeeting/ABARE-Agric_food_policy_CONFERENCE_PAPER-2010.pdf
  115. ↑ https://europa.eu/european-union/topics/agriculture_en
  116. ↑ https://doi.org/10.4060/cb6562en
  117. ↑ https://doi.org/10.4060/cb6562en
  118. ↑ http://faculty.missouri.edu/ikerdj/papers/SFT-Corporatization%20of%20Fm%20Pol%20(9-10).htm
  119. ↑ https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2010/sep/22/food-firms-lobbying-samuel-jutzi
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